Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams

Analysis, Design, and Evaluation

Inbunden, Engelska, 2020

1 949 kr

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A comprehensive guide to modern-day methods for earthquake engineering of concrete damsEarthquake analysis and design of concrete dams has progressed from static force methods based on seismic coefficients to modern procedures that are based on the dynamics of dam–water–foundation systems. Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams offers a comprehensive, integrated view of this progress over the last fifty years. The book offers an understanding of the limitations of the various methods of dynamic analysis used in practice and develops modern methods that overcome these limitations. This important book: Develops procedures for dynamic analysis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of concrete damsIdentifies system parameters that influence their responseDemonstrates the effects of dam–water–foundation interaction on earthquake responseIdentifies factors that must be included in earthquake analysis of concrete damsExamines design earthquakes as defined by various regulatory bodies and organizationsPresents modern methods for establishing design spectra and selecting ground motionsIllustrates application of dynamic analysis procedures to the design of new dams and safety evaluation of existing dams. Written for graduate students, researchers, and professional engineers, Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams offers a comprehensive view of the current procedures and methods for seismic analysis, design, and safety evaluation of concrete dams.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2020-03-12
Mått211 x 257 x 20 mm
Vikt953 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor320
FörlagJohn Wiley and Sons Ltd
ISBN9781119056034

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Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Introduction 11.1 Earthquake Experience: Cases with Strongest Shaking 11.2 Complexity of the Problem 61.3 Traditional Design Procedures: Gravity Dams 81.3.1 Traditional Analysis and Design 81.3.2 Earthquake Performance of Koyna Dam 91.3.3 Limitations of Traditional Procedures 91.4 Traditional Design Procedures: Arch Dams 111.4.1 Traditional Analysis and Design 111.4.2 Limitations of Traditional Procedures 121.5 Unrealistic Estimation of Seismic Demand and Structural Capacity 131.6 Reasons Why Standard Finite-Element Method is Inadequate 131.7 Rigorous Methods 141.8 Scope and Organization 16Part I: Gravity Dams2 Fundamental Mode Response of Dams Including Dam–Water Interaction 212.1 System and Ground Motion 212.2 Dam Response Analysis 222.2.1 Frequency Response Function 222.2.2 Earthquake Response: Horizontal Ground Motion 232.3 Hydrodynamic Pressures 242.3.1 Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions 242.3.2 Solutions to Boundary Value Problems 262.3.3 Hydrodynamic Forces on Rigid Dams 282.3.4 Westergaard’s Results and Added Mass Analogy 302.4 Dam Response Analysis Including Dam–Water Interaction 322.5 Dam Response 332.5.1 System Parameters 332.5.2 System and Cases Analyzed 342.5.3 Dam–Water Interaction Effects 342.5.4 Implications of Ignoring Water Compressibility 372.5.5 Comparison of Responses to Horizontal and Vertical Ground Motions 392.6 Equivalent SDF System: Horizontal Ground Motion 402.6.1 Modified Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio 402.6.2 Evaluation of Equivalent SDF System 422.6.3 Hydrodynamic Effects on Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio 432.6.4 Peak Response 45Appendix 2: Wave-Absorptive Reservoir Bottom 463 Fundamental Mode Response of Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction 493.1 System and Ground Motion 503.2 Dam Response Analysis Including Dam–Foundation Interaction 513.2.1 Governing Equations: Dam Substructure 513.2.2 Governing Equations: Foundation Substructure 523.2.3 Governing Equations: Dam–Foundation System 533.2.4 Dam Response Analysis 543.3 Dam–Foundation Interaction 543.3.1 Interaction Effects 543.3.2 Implications of Ignoring Foundation Mass 553.4 Equivalent SDF System: Dam–Foundation System 563.4.1 Modified Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio 563.4.2 Evaluation of Equivalent SDF System 573.4.3 Peak Response 593.5 Equivalent SDF System: Dam–Water–Foundation System 603.5.1 Modified Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio 603.5.2 Evaluation of Equivalent SDF System 613.5.3 Peak Response 62Appendix 3: Equivalent SDF System 634 Response Spectrum Analysis of Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction 654.1 Equivalent Static Lateral Forces: Fundamental Mode 664.1.1 One-Dimensional Representation 664.1.2 Approximation of Hydrodynamic Pressure 674.2 Equivalent Static Lateral Forces: Higher Modes 684.3 Response Analysis 704.3.1 Dynamic Response 704.3.2 Total Response 704.4 Standard Properties for Fundamental Mode Response 714.4.1 Vibration Period and Mode Shape 714.4.2 Modification of Period and Damping: Dam–Water Interaction 724.4.3 Modification of Period and Damping: Dam–Foundation Interaction 724.4.5 Generalized Mass and Earthquake Force Coefficient 744.5 Computational Steps 744.6 CADAM Computer Program 764.7 Accuracy of Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure 774.7.1 System Considered 774.7.2 Ground Motions 774.7.3 Response Spectrum Analysis 784.7.4 Comparison with Response History Analysis 795 Response History Analysis of Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction 835.1 Dam–Water–Foundation System 835.1.1 Two-Dimensional Idealization 835.1.2 System Considered 845.1.3 Ground Motion 855.2 Frequency-Domain Equations: Dam Substructure 865.3 Frequency-Domain Equations: Foundation Substructure 875.4 Dam–Foundation System 885.4.1 Frequency-Domain Equations 885.4.2 Reduction of Degrees of Freedom 895.5 Frequency–Domain Equations: Fluid Domain Substructure 905.5.1 Boundary Value Problems 905.5.2 Solutions for Hydrodynamic Pressure Terms 915.5.3 Hydrodynamic Force Vectors 925.6 Frequency-Domain Equations: Dam–Water–Foundation System 935.7 Response History Analysis 945.8 EAGD-84 Computer Program 95Appendix 5: Water–Foundation Interaction 966 Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction Effects in Earthquake Response 1016.1 System, Ground Motion, Cases Analyzed, and Spectral Ordinates 1016.1.1 Pine Flat Dam 1016.1.2 Ground Motion 1036.1.3 Cases Analyzed and Response Results 1036.2 Dam–Water Interaction 1056.2.1 Hydrodynamic Effects 1056.2.2 Reservoir Bottom Absorption Effects 1076.2.3 Implications of Ignoring Water Compressibility 1086.3 Dam–Foundation Interaction 1126.3.1 Dam–Foundation Interaction Effects 1126.3.2 Implications of Ignoring Foundation Mass 1126.4 Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction Effects 1157 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Earthquake Responses of Dams 1177.1 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Motions 1177.1.1 Choice of Example 1177.1.2 Tsuruda Dam and Earthquake Records 1187.1.3 System Analyzed 1197.1.4 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Responses 1207.2 Koyna Dam Case History 1227.2.1 Koyna Dam and Earthquake Damage 1227.2.2 Computed Response of Koyna Dam 1237.2.3 Response of Typical Gravity Dam Sections 1267.2.4 Response of Dams with Modified Profiles 127Appendix 7: System Properties 129Part II: Arch Dams8 Response History Analysis of Arch Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction 1338.1 System and Ground Motion 1338.2 Frequency-Domain Equations: Dam Substructure 1368.3 Frequency-Domain Equations: Foundation Substructure 1378.4 Dam–Foundation System 1388.4.1 Frequency-Domain Equations 1388.4.2 Reduction of Degrees of Freedom 1398.5 Frequency-Domain Equations: Fluid Domain Substructure 1408.6 Frequency-Domain Equations: Dam–Water–Foundation System 1428.7 Response History Analysis 1438.8 Extension to Spatially Varying Ground Motion 1448.9 EACD-3D-2008 Computer Program 1469 Earthquake Analysis of Arch Dams: Factors to Be Included 1499.1 Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction Effects 1499.1.1 Dam–Water Interaction 1509.1.2 Dam–Foundation Interaction 1519.1.3 Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction 1539.1.4 Earthquake Responses 1539.2 Bureau of Reclamation Analyses 1539.2.1 Implications of Ignoring Foundation Mass 1569.2.2 Implications of Ignoring Water Compressibility 1579.3 Influence of Spatial Variations in Ground Motions 1589.3.1 January 13, 2001 Earthquake 1599.3.2 January 17, 1994 Northridge Earthquake 16010 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Motions 16310.1 Earthquake Response of Mauvoisin Dam 16310.1.1 Mauvoisin Dam and Earthquake Records 16310.1.2 System Analyzed 16510.1.3 Spatially Varying Ground Motion 16610.1.4 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Responses 16610.2 Earthquake Response of Pacoima Dam 16810.2.1 Pacoima Dam and Earthquake Records 16810.2.2 System Analyzed 17110.2.3 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Responses: January 13, 2001 Earthquake 17210.2.4 Comparison of Computed Responses and Observed Damage: Northridge Earthquake 17210.3 Calibration of Numerical Model: Damping 17411 Nonlinear Response History Analysis of Dams 177Part A: Nonlinear Mechanisms and Modeling 17811.1 Limitations of Linear Dynamic Analyses 17811.2 Nonlinear Mechanisms 17811.2.1 Concrete Dams 17811.2.2 Foundation Rock 18111.2.3 Impounded Water 18111.2.4 Pre-Earthquake Static Analysis 18111.3 Nonlinear Material Models 18211.3.1 Concrete Cracking 18211.3.2 Contraction Joints: Opening, Closing, and Sliding 18311.3.3 Lift Joints and Concrete–Rock Interfaces: Sliding and Separation 18411.3.4 Discontinuities in Foundation Rock 18511.4 Material Models in Commercial Finite-Element Codes 185Part B: Direct Finite-Element Method 18611.5 Concepts and Requirements 18611.6 System and Ground Motion 18711.6.1 Semi-Unbounded Dam–Water–Foundation System 18711.6.2 Earthquake Excitation 18911.7 Equations of Motion 19111.8 Effective Earthquake Forces 19311.8.1 Forces at Bottom Boundary of Foundation Domain 19311.8.2 Forces at Side Boundaries of Foundation Domain 19411.8.3 Forces at Upstream Boundary of Fluid Domain 19511.9 Numerical Validation of the Direct Finite Element Method 19611.9.1 System Considered and Validation Methodology 19611.9.2 Frequency Response Functions 19911.9.3 Earthquake Response History 20011.10 Simplifications of Analysis Procedure 20111.10.1 Using 1D Analysis to Compute Effective Earthquake Forces 20111.10.2 Ignoring Effective Earthquake Forces at Side Boundaries 20311.10.3 Avoiding Deconvolution of the Surface Free-Field Motion 20311.10.4 Ignoring Effective Earthquake Forces at Upstream Boundary of Fluid Domain 20611.10.5 Ignoring Sediments at the Reservoir Boundary 20711.11 Example Nonlinear Response History Analysis 21111.11.1 System and Ground Motion 21111.11.2 Computer Implementation 21211.11.3 Earthquake Response Results 21311.12 Challenges in Predicting Nonlinear Response of Dams 215Part III: Design and Evaluation12 Design and Evaluation Methodology 21912.1 Design Earthquakes and Ground Motions 21912.1.1 ICOLD and FEMA 22012.1.2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) 22112.1.3 Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD), State of California 22112.1.4 U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 22112.1.5 Comments and Observations 22112.2 Progressive Seismic Demand Analyses 22412.3 Progressive Capacity Evaluation 22612.4 Evaluating Seismic Performance 22712.5 Potential Failure Mode Analysis 22813 Ground-Motion Selection and Modification 231Part A: Single Horizontal Component of Ground Motion 23213.1 Target Spectrum 23213.1.1 Uniform Hazard Spectrum 23213.1.2 Uniform Hazard Spectrum Versus Recorded Ground Motions 23213.1.3 Conditional Mean Spectrum 23413.1.4 CMS-UHS Composite Spectrum 23513.2 Ground-Motion Selection and Amplitude Scaling 23913.3 Ground-Motion Selection to Match Target Spectrum Mean and Variance 24113.4 Ground-Motion Selection and Spectral Matching 24313.5 Amplitude Scaling Versus Spectral Matching of Ground Motions 247Part B: Two Horizontal Components of Ground Motion 24713.6 Target Spectra 24713.7 Selection, Scaling, and Orientation of Ground-Motion Components 250Part C: Three Components of Ground Motion 25213.8 Target Spectra and Ground-Motion Selection 25214 Application of Dynamic Analysis to Evaluate Existing Dams and Design New Dams 25314.1 Seismic Evaluation of Folsom Dam 25314.2 Seismic Design of Olivenhain Dam 25714.3 Seismic Evaluation of Hoover Dam 26114.4 Seismic Design of Dagangshan Dam 265References 271Notation 281Index 291