Diseases of Trees and Shrubs

Wayne A. Sinclair is Professor Emeritus of Plant Pathology at Cornell University. Howard H. Lyon was from 1950 to 1985 the photographer for the Department of Plant Pathology at Cornell University.

• ContentsAbout this bookHow to use this bookDedication and acknowledgmentsDiseases caused by fungiOverview of fungal diseases of woody plantsDiseases caused by AscomycotaFoliar diseasesTaphrina diseases: leaf curls and blisters, bladder plum, witches'-broomsPowdery mildewsWitches'-broom of hackberry and black witches'-broom of serviceberryDark fungi on plants: sooty molds, black mildews, and othersSpot anthracnoses and scabs caused by Elsinoe and SphacelomaDiseases caused by Mycosphaerella species and related anamorphsOverviewLeaf spots of ash, walnut, citrus, rose, mountain-ash, sycamoreSeptoria diseases of poplar and other plantsBrown spot needle blight of pinesDothistroma needle blight of pinesStigmina leaf spot of palmsMycosphaerella leaf spot of YuccaBlights and leaf spots caused by fungi of the Cercospora complex"Cercospora" blights of CupressaceaeSome "Cercospora" leaf spotsLinden leaf blotch, and leaf spots caused by Coniothyrium, Microsphaeropsis, Sonderhenia, and "Hendersonia"Ascochyta blight of lilacLeaf spots and blotches caused by Cuignardia and PhyllostictaDiseases caused by Cuignardia species: leaf blotch of horse-chestnut and buckeye, leaf spot of Boston ivy, black rot of grapevinePhyllosticta leaf spots and blotches of dogwood, hazelnut, witch-hazel, maplesTubakia leaf spot of oaks and other trees and fly-speck leaf spot of VacciniumNeedle blights and needle casts of conifersLophodermium needle castsPloioderma needle casts of pinesCanavirgella and Davisomycella needle casts of pinesElytroderma needle casts of pinesLonhodermella and Cvclaneusma needle casts of pinesRhizosphaera and Isthmiella needle castsRhabdocline and Swiss needle casts of Douglas-firMeria needle blight of larch and Didymascella leaf blight of cedarSnow blightsBrown felt blightsTar spotsInk spot leaf blight of aspen and poplarOvulinia petal blight of Rhododendron and Ciborinia flower blight of CamelliaBotrytis blightCristulariella leaf spotsBrown rot of stone fruitsEntomosporium leaf spot of MaloideaeBlack spot of rose and Blumeriella leaf spot of cherry and plumMarssonina spots and blightsLeaf spots and blights of aspen and poplarAnthracnoses of birch and bittersweetAlternaria blights and leaf spotsShoot blights and twig diebacksScab diseases caused by Venturia speciesApple scabScabs of firethorn, loquat, and toyonVenturia leaf and shoot blights of aspen and poplarScab and black canker of willow and Venturia leaf blotch of mapleBronze leaf disease of aspen and poplar and Linospora leaf blight of balsam poplarsAnthracnosesAnthracnose overview and black spot of elmAsh anthracnoseOak anthracnoseSycamore anthracnoseWalnut anthracnose and Gnomonia leaf spots of hickory and pecanDoewood anthracnoseAnthracnoses of birch, filbert, and redbudAnthracnoses and Didymosporina leaf soot of maplesCankers and diebacksHornbeam anthracnoseAnthracnoses and diebacks caused by Clomerella and ColletotrichumButternut cankerSirococcus blight of conifersCeratocystis cankersDiseases caused by Botryophaeria and allied fungiBotryosphaeria cankers and diebacksCankers, dieback, and leaf blight caused by B. dolliidea and B. RibisCankers and dieback caused by: B. stevensii and Diplodia quercinaB. queicuum and related fungi on oakB. obtuseB. rhodinaDiplodia (Spiiaeropsis) blight of pines and other conifersSphaeropsis canker and dieback of elmSphaeropsis knot and Dipiodia gallMelanconis diebacks and sooty cankerDiseases caused by Diaportlx and Phomopsis speciesDiaporthc and Phomopsis cankers and cliebacksOverviewPhomopsis canker of Russian-oliveDiseases of RhododendronPhomopsis cankers of almond and peachDiseases associated with the Diaporihe eres complexPhomopsis dieback of poplarDiaporthe canker and dieback of sycamorePhomopsis dieback of weeping figOther cankers and diebacks caused by Diaporthe and PlioniopsisDiaporthe and Phomousis cankers of conifersPhomopsis, Kabatina. and Scleronlioma blights of juniper and other gymnospermsStem gallsPhomopsis sailsPhomopsis canker of Cardenici and Nectriella gall of ornamental plantsBlack knot of PrunusCankers and diebacks, continued Cryptodiaporthe cankersCryptodiaporthe canker of poplarCryptodiaporthe canker of willowGolden canker of alternate-leaf clogwoodEastern filbert blightChestnut blightChrysoporthe canker of EucalyptusEndothia cankerLeucostoma and Valsa cankersOverviewValsa cankers and diebacks of conifersLeucostoma canker of spruce and other conifersLeucostoma cankers of PruniisLeucostoma and Valsa cankers of poplar and willowValsa cankers of mapleCryptosporiopsis canker of red mapleNectria cankers and diebacksCoral-spot Nectria cankerTubercularia canker and diebackThyronectria canker of honeylocustPerennial Nectria cankerBeech bark diseaseFusarium cankersCankers caused by Fusarium solani or F. IateritiumPitch canker of pinesPestalotiopsis spots, blights, and diebacksSciridium cankers of cypressCryptosphaeria canker of aspenEutypella canker of maplesCankers and diebacks caused by Xylariaccous fungiEntoleuca (Hypoxylon) canker of aspenBiscogniauxia cankers and diebacksBiscogniauxia (Hypoxylon) diebacks of oaksBlister cankerCamillea- and Hypoxylon-associated cankers and diebacksBasal canker and butt rot caused by Kretzschmaria deustaCankers and diebacks caused by discomycetesSooty-bark canker of aspen and poplarCeningium dieback of pinesScleroderris canker of conifersAtropellis cankers of pinesLachnellula cankers of conifers and Strumella canker of hardwoodsRoot diseasesCharcoal root rot and Fusarium root rotsRoot rots and blights caused by Cylindrocladium and CylindrocladicllaPhymatotrichum and Thiclaviopsis root rotsXylaria and Rosellinia root rotsRhizina root rot and southern blightProcerum root disease of pinesSystemic fungal diseasesBlack stain root disease of conifersCeratocystis cankersCeratocystis cankers of Populus and PrunusCanker-stain of planetree and sycamoreSapstreak disease and bluestainOak wiltDutch elm diseaseVerticillium wiltPersimmon wiltFusarium wiltsDiseases caused by BasidiomycotaFoliar diseasesExobasidium galls and blistersArticularia and Microstroma leaf spots and witches'-broomsInsolibasidium blight of honeysuckle and false smut of palmsDiseases caused by Rhizoctonia-forming fungiRustsOverview of rustsPhragmidiurn rustsGymnosporangium rustsOverviewCedar-apple rustHawthorn rustQuince rustJuniper broom rustBroom rust of incense-cedar and rust galls on south-western junipersMedlar rustAdditional Gymnosporangium rustsPuccinia and Cumminsiella rustsAsh rustCluster-cup rust of currant and gooseberryCrown rust of buckthornRusts on Berberis and MahoniaFig rust and birch rustPucciniastrum and allied rustsHemlock-hydrangea rustHemlock-blueberry rustsFir-fireweed and fuschia rustsFir-blueberry rustOther Pucciniastrum and Thekopsora rusts in North AmericaFir-fern rustsBroom rust of firMelampsora rustsPoplar rustsWillow rustsChrysomyxa rusts of spruceNeedle rusts of pinesStem and cone rusts of pinesOverview of North American Cronartium rustsWhite pine blister rustFusiform rust and pine-oak gall rustsSweetfern blister rustStalactiform and Comandra blister rustsLimb rusts and cone rustsWestern gall rustTrunk and limb rots of hardwoodsOverview of wood types and decay processesRepresentative decay fungi: Stereum gausapatum, Hericium erinaceus, Phellinus species, Climacodon septentrionalis, Bjerkandera adusta, Fomes fomentarius, Globifomes graveolens, Perenniporia fraxinophila, Oxyporus populinus, Trametes versicolor, Polyporus squamosus, Laetiporus species, Piptoporus betulinusCanker-rots of hardwoodsSpiculosa cankerCanker rots of birchHispidus canker, heart rot and canker-rot caused by Inonotus andersonii, canker-rot caused by Inonotus glomeratusSapwood rot and cankers caused by Cerrena unicolor and Schizophyllum communeSapwood decay and silverleaf caused by Chondrostereum purpureumTrunk rots and canker-rots of conifersHeart rots caused by Fomitoosis pinicola and Echinodontium tinctoriumHeart rot caused by Phellinus pini and canker rot caused by P. cancriformansRoot diseasesSouthern blightRhizoctonia diseasesArmillaria root rotsMushroom root rotRoot and butt rots caused by Heterobasidion speciesRed root and bun rot of conifersBrown root and butt rot of conifersLaminated root rots of conifersRoot and butt rots caused by Inonotus dryadeus and Oxyporus latemareinatusGanoderma root and butt rots and trunk decayOverviewRoot and bun rot of palmsDiseases of woody dicots caused by laccate GanodermasGanodermas on conifersDiseases caused by Ganoderma applanaturn and related fungiDiseases caused by OomycotaOverview of OomycctesDowny mildewsDiseases caused by Phytophthora speciesOverviewShoot blights, diebacks, and fruit rotsCankers, collar and crown rots, foot rots, and root rotsDiseases caused by Phytoplithora rarnorumCollar, crown, and foot rotsRoot rots and feeder root necrosesRoot and crown rot of Port Orford cedarDiseases caused by Phytophthora cinnamomiOther Phytophthora root rotsBacterial diseasesOverviewLeaf spots, blights, and cankersDiseases caused by Pseudomonas speciesDiseases caused by Xanthomonas species: citrus canker, bacterial spot of Prunus, bacterial blight of walnut, and othersFire blightBleeding bacterial cankersBacterial galls of olive, oleander, and ashCrown gallWetwood, slime flux, alcoholic fluxBacterial scorch diseasesOverviewRepresentative diseases: Pierce's disease of grapevine, almond leaf scorch, bacterial scorch of landscape trees and shrubsDiseases caused by mollicutesOverviewRepresentative diseases: pear decline, Primus yellow leafroll, stubborn disease of citrus, walnut witches'-broom, bunch disease of pecan and other hickories, witches'-brooms of lilac and other plantsElm yellowsAsh yellowsX-disease of PrunusLethal yellowing of palmsViral diseasesOverview and plant virus diagnosisDiseases caused by nepoviruses: Prunus stem pitting, apple brown line, Forsythia yellow net, ash diseases, and othersDiseases caused by carlaviruses: poplar mosaic, lilac mottle, and othersDiseases caused by ilarviruses: sour cherry yellows, Prunus necrotic ringspot, apple mosaic, rose mosaic, and othersDiseases associated with cucumoviruses, potyviruses, foveaviruses, varicosaviruses: leaf and flower reddening in Nandina, necrotic spots and ring mottle in Prunus, Camellia yellow mottleDiseases associated with tobamoviruses: tobacco mosaic and tomato mosaic viruses, and othersDiseases associated with rhabdoviruses, necroviruses, Tobacco necrosis virusDiseases caused by virus-like agents not fully characterizedRose rosetteDiseases of Rhododendron and related plants, Rhododendron necrotic ringspotViral diseases of aspen and poplarRedbud and hibiscus diseasesApple flatlimbViral symptoms in Acer, Cliaenorneles, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Lonicera, MagnoliaStriped chlorosis of Albizia, fig mosaic, oak viruses, viral symptoms in Bougainvillea, Celtis, EuonyniusViral diseases of conifersDiseases caused by NematodesOverview of plant-parasitic nematodesRepresentative nematodes that attack roots: root knot nematodes, burrowing nematode, stunt nematodes, lesion nematodes, dagger nematodesWilt of pines caused by pine wood nematodesPlant-pathogenic algae and plantsAlgal leaf spot, or green scurfNorth American leafy mistletoesCharacteristics and habits of PhoradendronMistletoes on angiospermsMistletoes primarily on gymnospermsDwarf mistletoesOverviewRepresentative dwarf mistletoes: Arceuthobium arnericanuni, A. carnpylopodurn complcx (A. campylopodum, A, occidentale, A. laricis, A. tsugense, others), A. douglasii, A. gillii, A. vaginatum, A. pusillumCassytha and dodderVines that damage treesDeclines, environmental damage, and unexplained growth abnormalitiesDecline diseases with multiple or obscure causal factorsConcepts and overviewMaple declineAsh declineBirch decline, pine declinesOak decline, citrus blightDamage by environmental factorsDamage by salt and other inorganic poisonsDamage by misapplied pesticidesInjuries and diseases caused by air pollutantsOverviewDamage by ozoneDamage by sulfur dioxideDamage by fluorides and minor pollutant gasesMineral nutrient deficienciesDamage by drought, heat, and freezingWater shortageHeat stressFrost and freeze damagePredisposition to attack by opportunistic pathogensDamage by flooding or waterlogged soilDamage by girdling roots, hail, ice glaze, and sheet iceLightning damageNoninfectious and unexplained growth abnormalities: fasciation, chimeras, graft union abnormalities, adventitious shoots and roots, galls, burls, witches'-broomsRestoration of sapwood and bark after injury or infectionWounds, microbial colonization, and compartmentalizationFrost cracks, drought cracks, and related defectsBark formation and restorationAssociations of normal woody plants with other organismsSmooth patch, bark rot, and normal foliar sheddingSymbiotic relationships of roots: mycorrhizae, nitrogen-fixing associationsEpiphytes, lichens, and mossGlossaryReferencesIndex

One of the ten best horticultural books of the century.(Washington Post) A truly superior reference work returns new and improved, with both form and content reflecting advances in knowledge. The high praise that met the 1987 release of this book's first edition—one reviewer called it one of the 'ten best horticultural books of the century'—seems equally deserved for the second edition. 'Diseases' describes 470 afflictions affecting more than 300 species and occurring in the temperate regions of the United States and Canada; another 50 chemical, physical, or unknown agents are also portrayed. This is a diagnostic manual, and as such, discussion of control measures is negligible. Far from resting on their laurels, Sinclair and Lyon have made some key improvements to their work. Perhaps the most striking of these are the book's distinctly sharper, digitally optimized images, more than 2000 of them in color. Those who teach (or study) the subject may appreciate Sinclair and Lyon's tweaks to the preliminary apparatus in the new edition, changes that help make a prodigious amount of technical information a little more intelligible. Fairly easy diagnostic reference is made possible with an index that lists both the scientific (genus judiciously boldfaced) and common names of plants. Bottom Line: This book will continue to be the standard reference for those who deal with tree and shrub pathology professionally, but gardeners with problems will find it just as indispensable. (Amateurs, of course, might do just as well examining the pictures.) An essential purchase for special horticultural, academic, and large public collections.(Library Journal (starred review)) Diseases of Trees and Shrubs is by far the best book currently available for the horticulturist, arborist, or forester who wishes to identify disorders of forest and shade trees and woody ornamentals.(The Public Garden) It is well written and it is illustrated with photographs of such high quality that in this respect it could be described as a 'coffee table' book of forest pathology.(Forestry) This book is a remarkable contribution to the literature on tree pathology, providing a valuable source of reference on tree disease for all with an interest in the subject. It must surely be almost obligatory reading for the specialist tree pathologist, and will prove of great value to all tree care professionals. It will fascinate any tree lovers who wish to find out more about the diseases and disorders that may afflict trees.(Arboricultural Journal) The book arrives at a time of biological globalization and environmental change bearing the high risk of new pathogen introductions and emerging diseases. It is therefore indispensible also for forest pathologists outside of North America. The main emphasis of the book is on infectious disease, but nutrient deficiencies, damages by heat, drought and freezing, sides effects of pesticides and damages by air pollution are also included. This book is of the highest possible quality and it is a really magnificent resource for anybody who is facing the challenge of tree disease diagnosis. Moreover, the book is a celebration of biodiversity associated with woody plants as well as an aesthetic enjoyment.(Forest Pathology) This is an absolute 'must have' for all professional tree people. A complete and thorough revision of the 1987 classic, it contains more than 2,000 digitally optimized color images of all important diseases of trees and woody ornamentals of the US and Canada. Having used the original book as a disease bible a gazillion times, this reviewer was amazed to discover that the authors could make such substantial improvements. Most of the color plates are completely new sets of photos, and they are of the highest quality. Important new diseases that have come onto the scene in the last 20 years, such as dogwood anthracnose, have been added. The authors have introduced a number of new microscopic figures to help in the positive identification of various pathogens. As in the first volume, the authors do a wonderfully thorough job with the descriptive information presented for diseases. This reference classic should be part of the library of every plant health care specialist, forester, horticulturist, and student in the field. Essential.(Choice)