Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment

About the Authors Dr Lee Bosher is a Senior Lecturer in Disaster Risk Reduction in the Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) at Loughborough University, England. He has a background in disaster risk management and his research and teaching includes disaster risk reduction and the multidisciplinary integration of proactive hazard mitigation strategies into the decision–making processes of key stakeholders, involved with the planning, design, construction and operation of the built environment. Lee is coordinator of the International Council for Building's Working Commission W120 on 'Disasters and the Built Environment', a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and he has been involved in research projects that investigated how urban resilience can be increased in the UK, Haiti, India, Nigeria and across parts of Europe. Lee's previous books include 'Hazards and the Built Environment' (2008) and 'Social and Institutional Elements of Disaster Vulnerability' (2007). Dr Ksenia Chmutina is a Lecturer in sustainable and resilient urbanism in the School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University. Her main research interest is in synergies of resilience and sustainability in the built environment, including holistic approaches to enhancing resilience to natural hazards and human–induced threats, and a better understanding of the systemic implications of sustainability and resilience under the pressures of urbanisation and climate change. She has extensive experience of working on RCUK and EU–funded projects that have focused on resilience and sustainability of urban spaces in Europe, China and the Caribbean.

• List of Figures xiList of Tables xixNote on the Authors xxiForeword xxiiiAcknowledgements xxvList of Acronyms xxviiList of Case Studies xxxiList of Thinking Points xxxiiiSection I Introduction to Book and Concepts 11 Introduction 31.1 So what is a Disaster? 41.2 What are the Hazards and Threats? 41.3 Climate Change and Disasters 51.4 Impacts of Disasters Globally 91.5 Trends in the Occurrence of Disasters 111.6 Economic Losses 131.7 The Potential Roles of the Construction Sector in DRR 161.8 Scope of the Book 161.9 Structure of the Book 17References and Suggested Reading 172 Disaster Risk Reduction 212.1 Learning Objectives 212.2 Key DRR Concepts and Terms 212.3 International Approaches to DRR 262.3.1 Milestones in History of DRR 262.3.2 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 292.3.3 ‘Making Cities Resilient’ Campaign 312.4 Community Resilience 322.5 Risk Management 342.5.1 Phases of Disaster Risk Management 342.5.2 Risk Management Elements 372.5.3 Existing Guidance 402.6 Summary 43Further Reading 43Section II Hydro-Meteorological Hazards 453 Flooding 473.1 Learning Objectives 473.2 Living with Water 473.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Floods 493.4 Causes of Flooding 503.5 Riverine Floods 513.6 Coastal Floods 523.7 Flash Floods 553.8 Urban (Pluvial) Floods 563.9 Risk Management 563.9.1 Historical Approaches 563.10 Hazard Identification 593.11 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 613.11.1 Appropriate Uses 623.12 Determination of the Risk 633.12.1 Flood Damage Estimation 633.13 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 663.13.1 Prevention of Hazard 703.13.2 Detection of Hazard 703.13.3 Control of Hazard 743.13.4 Mitigation of Hazard 763.13.5 Emergency Response 803.14 Summary 85Further Reading 864 Windstorms 894.1 Learning Objectives 904.2 Living with Windstorms 904.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Windstorms 914.4 Causes of Windstorms 924.5 Tropical Windstorms 934.6 Tornadoes 984.7 Risk Management 1014.7.1 Historical Approaches 1014.8 Hazard Identification 1044.9 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 1064.10 Determination of the Risk 1114.10.1 Windstorm Damage Estimation 1114.11 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 1124.11.1 Detection of Hazard 1124.11.2 Control of Hazard 1144.11.3 Mitigation of the Hazard 1144.11.3.1 Cyclones/Hurricanes/Typhoons 1144.11.3.2 Tornadoes (many of these options will also be useful for mitigating other windstorm hazards) 1144.11.4 Emergency Response 1144.12 Summary 116Further Reading 120Section III Geological Hazards 1235 Earthquakes 125Learning Objectives 1265.1 Living with Earthquakes 1265.1.1 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Earthquakes 1265.2 Causes of Earthquakes 1275.2.1 The Natural Hazard 1305.2.1.1 Types of Fault Boundaries 1305.3 Seismic Activity 1335.4 Risk Management 1355.4.1 Historical Approaches 1355.5 Hazard Identification 1355.6 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 1365.7 Determination of the Risk 1425.7.1 Earthquake Damage Estimation 1425.8 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 1445.8.1 Inherent Safety 1465.8.2 Detection of Hazard 1465.8.3 Mitigation of Hazard 1465.8.4 Earthquake‐Resistant Construction 1465.8.5 Mitigation of Tsunamis 1475.8.6 Emergency Response 1505.9 Summary 152Further Reading 1546 Volcanoes 1556.1 Learning Objectives 1556.2 Living with Volcanoes 1556.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Volcanoes 1576.4 Causes of Volcanoes 1596.4.1 The Natural Hazard 1606.4.2 Types of Volcanoes 1606.5 Volcanic Activity 1616.6 Risk Management 1696.6.1 Historical Approaches 1696.7 Risk Management 1726.7.1 Hazard Identification 1726.7.2 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 1726.7.3 Determination of the Risk 1736.7.3.1 Primary Volcanic Hazards 1736.7.3.2 Secondary Volcanic Hazards 1746.8 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 1756.8.1 Inherent Safety and Prevention 1766.8.2 Detection of Hazard 1776.8.3 Control of the Hazard 1786.8.4 Mitigation of Hazard 1786.8.5 Emergency Response 1786.9 Summary 182Further Reading 1837 Landslides 185Alister Smith7.1 Learning Objectives 1857.2 What are Landslides? 1857.3 Statistics on Landslides 1877.4 Causes and Impacts of Landslides 1897.5 Risk Management 1937.5.1 Hazard Identification 1937.5.2 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 1967.5.3 Determination of the Risk 1967.5.4 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 1967.6 Summary 201Further Reading 204Section IV Key Considerations and Ways Forward 2078 Key Principles 2098.1 Learning Objectives 2098.2 Integrating DRR Measures into Construction Practice 2098.2.1 Resilient Built Environment 2108.2.2 Structural and Non‐Structural Approaches 2138.3 Seven Key Principles 2168.3.1 Principle 1: Adopt a Holistic Perspective 2168.3.2 Principle 2: Develop and Appropriately Apply Resilient Technologies 2178.3.3 Principle 3: Engage a Wide Range of Stakeholders (Including Local Communities) in Resilience Efforts 2188.3.4 Principle 4: Utilise Existing Guidance and Frameworks When Appropriate 2228.3.5 Principle 5: Exploit Opportunities to Build‐In Resiliency Measures Post‐Disaster 2258.3.6 Principle 6: Integrate Built Environment and Emergency Management Practitioners Into the DRR Process 2268.3.7 Principle 7: Mainstream Resilience into the Built Environment Curricula 2278.4 Summary 230Further Reading 2319 DRR and Sustainability: An Integrated Approach 2339.1 Learning Objectives 2339.2 Integrating Resilience and Sustainability: Why is it Important? 2339.3 What is Sustainability? 2369.3.1 Understanding the Concept: Three Dimensions of Sustainability 2369.3.2 Global Challenges and Sustainability Index 2379.3.3 Sustainable Built Environment 2409.4 Can the Built Environment Be Sustainable and Resilient? 2419.4.1 Opportunities 2449.5 Summary 247Further Reading 25010 Conclusions and Recommendations 25110.1 Dynamic Factors (and Root Causes) 25210.2 Moving away from Disaster Risk Creation 25210.3 Moving towards a New Developmental DNA 25710.4 Future Research and Educational Challenges 25810.5 Final Thoughts for Construction Practitioners 25810.5.1 Towards DRR as a Core Professional Competency 261Further Reading 261Index 263