Craftsmen and Jewelers in the Middle and Lower Danube Region (6th to 7th Centuries)

Daniela Tănase, Ph.D. (2006), Institute of Archaeology ”Vasile Pârvan” Bucharest, is an archaeologist at National Museum of Banat Timișoara. She has published articles, book chapters, and monographs on archaeology from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages.

• ContentsAcknowledgementsList of FiguresIntroduction1 History of the Research1 Discovery of the First Tombs with Tools2 The History of Research regarding Burials with Tools (First Half of the 20th Century)3 The Status of Early Medieval Craftsmen in European Historiography4 Graves with Tools in Early Medieval Europe. The Case of the Avar Qaganate5 Tools in Assemblages of the Forest-Steppe Belt of Eastern Europe6 Early Medieval Metalworking in the Literature Published in Romania after World War II2 The Archaeology of Metalworking1 Workshops2 Graves3 Hoards4 Isolated (Stray) Finds5 Workshops or Funerary Contexts – an Indicator of a Different Cultural Behavior3 Sources of Raw Materials1 Extraction and Reduction of Iron Ore2 Alloys3 Precious Metals4 Trade as a Possible Source of Raw Material4 Metallurgical Technologies1 Metalworking Techniques2 Techniques of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy5 Special Technological Methods for the Manufacture of Clothing and Harness Accessories Made of Non-Ferrous Metals1 Pressing on Dies2 Casting in Molds and Casting by the “Lost Wax” Method3 Granulation and Filigree4 Silver and Niello Inlaying5 Gilding6 Stones and Glass Inserts6 The Tools1 Pliers2 Hammers3 Anvils4 Drills5 Wire-Drawing Plate (or Nail-Making Tool)6 Tools for Making Nails and Rivets7 Files8 Engraving Tools9 Chisels10 Punches11 Mandrels12 Tweezers13 Bone Dies14 Metal Patterns15 Ladles16 Crucibles17 Clay Molds18 Stone Molds7 The Ornamentation of the Dies and of Contemporaneous Dress Accessories1 Ornamental Styles and Motifs of Byzantine Origin2 Ornamental Styles and Decorative Motifs of Germanic Origin3 Animal Style II with Dentil Ornamentation4 Ornamental Styles and Motifs from the Forest-Steppe Zone of Eastern Europe8 The Cultural and Chronological Framework of the Tool Finds1 Graves with Tools2 Settlements3 The Issue of Ethnicity9 Metalworking Craft and the Social Status of Blacksmiths and Goldsmiths1 Metalworking and the Craftsmen’s Way of Life2 Craftsmen’s Mobility3 Sketching Regional Styles – a Traveling Sign?4 Who Were the Craftsmen?10 Conclusions11 Catalogue of Finds from Romania1 Aldeni (Buzău Co.) (Fig. 42.1)2 Banat? (Fig. 42.2a–c)3 Band/Bandu de Câmpie/Mezőbánd/Bandorf (Mureș Co.) (Fig. 31–36)4 Băleni-Români (Dâmbovița Co.) (Fig. 12.1)5 Botoșana (Suceava Co.) (Fig. 12.2–4, Fig. 17)6 Bratei/Pretau/Baráthely (Sibiu Co.) (Fig. 3)7 Bucharest8 Budureasca, Vadu Săpat Village, Fântânele Commune (Prahova Co.)9 Cacica/Kaczyka (Suceava Co.) (Fig. 5.3)10 Cândești (Buzău Co.)11 Coroteni, Slobozia Bradului Com. (Vrancea Co.) (Fig. 5.4)12 Corund/Korond (Harghita Co.) (Fig. 5.2.1–2)13 Costești, Town of Târgu Frumos (Iași Co.) (Fig. 44.1, Fig. 45)14 Cristuru Secuiesc/Székelykeresztúr/Kreuz (Harghita Co.) (Fig. 5.1)15 Cucuteni (Iași Co.) (Fig. 5.5)16 Davideni, Țibucani Com. (Neamț Co.) (Fig. 20–22)17 Dichiseni (Călărași Co.) (Fig. 44.2a–b)18 Dodești, Viișoara Com. (Vaslui Co.) (Fig. 15–16)19 Dolheștii Mari, Dolhești Com. (Suceava Co.) (Fig. 44.3)20 Dulceanca (Teleorman Co.) (Fig. 14)21 Dumbrăveni/Elisabethstadt/Erzsébetváros (Sibiu Co.) (Fig. 37.1)22 Felnac/Fönlak (Arad Co.) (Fig. 37.2.1–10–41)23 Giurcani, Găgești Com. (Vaslui Co.) (Fig. 7.2)24 Govora, Mihăiești Com. (Vâlcea Co.) (Fig. 7.1)25 Gropșani (Dolj Co.) (Fig. 7.4)26 Izvoare-Bahna (Neamț Co.) (Fig. 7.5)27 Izvorul Dulce, Merei Com. (Buzău Co.) (Fig. 7.3)28 Lazuri/Lázári/Neuschlag (Satu Mare Co.) (Fig. 4)29 Lozna, Dersca Com. (Botoșani Co.) (Fig. 24–29)30 Morești/Malomfalva/Mühlendorf, Ungheni Com. (Mureș Co.) (Fig. 2.1)31 Moțca (Iași Co.) (Fig. 2.2)32 Olteni, Dobrogostea Village, Olteni Com. (Teleorman Co.) (Fig. 2.3)33 Onești (Bacău Co.) (Fig. 2.4)34 Poienița, Năruja Com. (Vrancea Co.) (Fig. 2.5)35 Răcoasa (Vrancea Co.) (Fig. 2.6)36 Rădeni, Păstrăveni Com. (Neamț Co.) (Fig. 6.1)37 Sărata Monteoru (Buzău Co.) (Fig. 6.4)38 Sânmiclăuș/Bethlenszentmiklós/Klosdorf bei Kleinkopisch, Șona Com. (Alba Co.) (Fig. 6.2)39 Soveja (Vrancea Co.) (Fig. 6.3)40 Suceava-Șipot (Suceava Co.) (Fig. 18–19)41 Șirna (Prahova Co.) (Fig. 6.5)42 Ștefan cel Mare, Sat Gutinaș Village, Ștefan cel Mare Com. (Bacău Co.) (Fig. 23.1)43 Târgșor (Prahova Co.) (without Illustration)44 Traian = Parincea (Bacău Co.) (Fig. 23.3)45 Traian (Neamț Co.) (Fig. 23.2)46 Udești (Suceava County) (Fig. 43.1)47 Vadu Săpat, Fântânele Com. (Prahova Co.) (Fig. 43.2)12 Finds from Central and Eastern Europe1 Dies and Molds from Central and Eastern Europe2 Graves with Implements/Tools in Central and Eastern EuropeBibliography

"recomand lucrarea Danielei Tănase tuturor celor interesați de cercetarea meșteșugurilor prelucrării metalelor și confecționării bijuteriilor la începutul Evului Mediu timpuriu. Metodologia cercetării, tipologia propusă și modul de realizare a acestei monografii poate fi considerat un exemplu de cercetare complexă a unui domeniu de activitate economică a comunităților din sec. VI-VII – materie primă, instrumente, tehnici și tehnologii de producere, bunuri produse și funcționalitatea lor etc." Sergiu Musteata, in Plural, 9 (1), 2021. "I recommend Daniela Tănase's book to all those interested in metalworking and jewelry production in the early Middle Ages. Her methodology, the proposed typology and the organization of this monograph may be given as an example of a complex investigation of the economic activities of the 6th- and 7th-century communities, from raw materials, tools, techniques and production technologies to final products and their functions."