Corrections: A Text/Reader

Mary K. Stohr is a professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Washington State University. She earned her PhD in political science, with specializations in criminal justice and public administration, from Washington State University. Previously she worked at Missouri State, Boise State, and New Mexico State Universities for a total of 23 years. Before entering academe Stohr, worked in an adult male prison in Washington state as a correctional officer (for less than a year) and as a correctional counselor (for about two years). Stohr has published seven books and a total of over 150 other academic works of one sort or another in the areas of correctional organizations and operation, correctional personnel, client needs and assessment, program evaluation, drug policy and victimization. She is both a Founders and Fellows Award winner from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.  Anthony Walsh, is a professor of criminology at Boise State University. He received his PhD from Bowling Green State University at the ripe old age of 43. He has field experience in law enforcement and corrections and is the author of more than 150 journal articles and book chapters and 41 books, including Biology and Criminology; Feminist Criminology Through a Biosocial Lens; Law, Justice, and Society (with Hemmens); Correctional Assessment, Casework, and Counseling (with Stohr); The Neurobiology of Criminal Behavior: Gene-Brain-Culture Interaction (with Bolen, Ashgate); Corrections: The Essentials (with Stohr); The Science Wars: The Politics of Gender and Race; Criminological Theory: Assessing Philosophical Assumptions; Biosociology: Bridging the Biology-Sociology Divide; Criminology: The Essentials (with Jorgensen); and Answering Atheists: How Science Points to God and the Benefits of Christianity. His interests include biosocial criminology, statistics, and criminal justice assessment and counseling.Craig Hemmens is a professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at Washington State University. He holds a JD from North Carolina Central University School of Law and a PhD in criminal justice from Sam Houston State University. Professor Hemmens has published 20 books and more than 200 articles, many dealing with legal issues in criminal justice. He currently serves as editor of the Criminal Law Bulletin and previously served as the editor of the Journal of Criminal Justice Education and as president of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. His current research interests include criminal law and procedure.

• About the AuthorsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsSECTION I. The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of CorrectionsIntroduction: What Is Corrections?From Arrest to PunishmentThe Major Punishment JustificationsREADING 1. The Goals of Corrections: Perspectives From the LineREADING 2. Broken Beyond Repair: Rehabilitative Penology and American Political DevelopmentSECTION II. Correctional History: Ancient Times to Colonial JailsNarrative of What Happened When Three Men Were First Placed in the Missouri StateIntroduction: The Evolving Practice of CorrectionsThemes: Truths That Underlie Correctional PracticeEarly Punishments in Westernized CountriesEnlightenment—Paradigm ShiftColonial Jails and PrisonsREADING 3. An Historical Outline of the Penitentiary SystemSECTION III. Correctional History: The 17th to 20th CenturiesJim Crow Treatment in PrisonsIntroduction: The Grand ReformsEarly Modern Prisons and the Pennsylvania and New York ModelsEarly Prisons and Jails Not ReformedThe Renewed Promise of ReformSouthern and Northern Prisons and the Contract and Lease Systems, and Industrial PrisonsCorrectional Institutions or Warehouse Prisons?Themes That Prevail in Correctional HistoryREADING 4. “Much and Unfortunately Neglected”: Women in Early and Mid-Nineteenth-Century PrisonsSECTION IV. Ethics and CorrectionsA Novice Bows to Subcultural PressureIntroduction: To Do the Right Thing!Defining Ethics: What Is Right (and Wrong)?Ethical Foundation for Professional PracticeWhy People Behave UnethicallyHow to Prevent Unethical Behavior and to Promote Ethical Work PracticesWar on Drugs = Attack on Ethics?READING 5. Ethics in a Mountain State County JailREADING 6. Deconstructing Correctional Officer Deviance: Toward Typologies of Actions and ControlsSECTION V. Sentencing: The Application of PunishmentVindictive Versus Sensible SentencingWhat Is Sentencing?Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and MandatoryHabitual Offender StatutesOther Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Noncustodial SentencesSentencing by Civil Commitment for Sex OffendersProblem-Solving CourtsDrug CourtsSentencing Disparity, Legitimate and IllegitimateStructuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation ReportStructured Sentencing: Sentencing GuidelinesThe Future of Sentencing GuidelinesREADING 7. Cracked JusticeREADING 8. Determinants of State Innovations in American Sentencing and Corrections Policy: A Systematic ReviewSECTION VI. Jails and Detention CentersA Mentally Ill Inmate in the Dona Ana County Jail, New MexicoIntroduction: The Community InstitutionJail TypesJail Inmates and Their ProcessingOvercrowdingGender, Juveniles, Race, and EthnicityThe Poor and the Mentally IllMedical ProblemsSubstance Abuse and JailsSuicides, Gangs, and Sexual Violence in JailsInnovations in JailsREADING 9. Why Do Some Jail Inmates Not Engage in Treatment and Services?READING 10. National Study of Jail Suicide: 20 Years LaterSECTION VII. Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediary SanctionsThe Origins of ProbationNumber and Demographic Characteristics of Offenders on ProbationWhy Do We Need Community Corrections?The Probation Officer RoleModels of Probation SupervisionProbation Violations and Graduated SanctionsProbation Officer StressEngaging the Community to Prevent RecidivismIntermediate SanctionsREADING 11. A Probation Profanation: Race, Ethnicity, and Probation in a Midwestern SampleREADING 12. Sex Offender Supervision in Context: The Need for Qualitative Examinations of Social Distance in Sex Offender–Supervision Officer RelationshipsSECTION VIII. Prisons and the Correctional ClientKitchen Supervisor Sexually Abuses Two Male InmatesIntroduction: The State of PrisonsPrison OrganizationsPrison Value?Attributes of the Prison That Shape the ExperienceThe Prison SubcultureGangs and the Prison SubcultureViolenceSolutions: Strategies to Reduce Violence, Mature Coping, and Social SupportSpecial PopulationsREADING 13. Sex Differences in the Predictors of Prisoner MisconductREADING 14. Prison Architecture and Inmate Misconduct: A Multilevel AssessmentSECTION IX. The Corrections Experience for StaffJohn’s Tragic StoryIntroductionThe State of the Work in Correctional Institutions and ProgramsWhy the Need to Require More Education and Training ExistsOrganizational-Level Factors That Affect the Correctional WorkplaceOrganizational CultureIndividual-Level Factors That Affect the Correctional WorkplaceCorrectional RolesThe Subculture and SocializationStaff Interactions With InmatesOther Issues for Staff: Stress, Burnout, TurnoverEthicsPerceived Benefits of Correctional WorkREADING 15. Problems at Work: Exploring the Correlates of Role Stress Among Correctional StaffREADING 16. Gendered Adherence: Correctional Officers and Therapeutic Reform in a Reentry FacilitySECTION X. Community Corrections: Parole and Prisoner ReentryThe Perils of ParoleWhat Is Parole?Parole BoardsWhat Goes In Must Come Out: Prisoner Reentry Into the CommunityThe Impact of Imprisonment and Reentry on CommunitiesWhat Makes for a Successful Reentry?Determining Parole “Success”Parole Violations and Graduated SanctionsHouse Arrest, Electronic Monitoring, and Global Positioning SystemsConcluding Remarks on Reentry and RecidivismREADING 17. Examining the Predictors of Recidivism Among Men and Women Released From Prison in OhioREADING 18. Prisoner Reentry in a Small Metropolitan Community: Obstacles and Policy RecommendationsSECTION XI. Women and CorrectionsSupervising Is Different for WomenIntroductionHistory and GrowthCurrent Figures on the Number of Women and Girls in CorrectionsFemales in Corrections: Needs, Programming, Abuse, and AdjustmentFemale Correctional OfficersREADING 19. A Historical Review of Mother and Child Programs for Incarcerated WomenREADING 20. Examining External Support Received in Prison and Concerns About Reentry Among Incarcerated WomenSECTION XII. Minorities and CorrectionsUndocumented Workers and Their Side of the StoryIntroductionDefining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and DiscriminationA Legacy of RacismThe Connection Between Class and Race/EthnicityMinorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased IncarcerationMinorities: Adjustment to IncarcerationMinorities Working in CorrectionsREADING 21. Racial Desegregation in PrisonsREADING 22. Mass Incarceration Through a Different Lens: Race, Subcontext, and Perceptions of Punitiveness of Correctional Alternatives When Compared to PrisonSECTION XIII. Juveniles and CorrectionsToo Young for LifeIntroduction: Delinquency and Status OffendingThe Extent of DelinquencyThe Juvenile Brain and Juvenile BehaviorHistory and Philosophy of Juvenile JusticeChildhood in the United StatesThe Beginning of the Juvenile CourtsProcessing Juvenile OffendersJuvenile Community CorrectionsIntensive ProbationResidential and Institutional Juvenile CorrectionsREADING 23. Juvenile Justice: The Legacy of Punitive PolicyREADING 24. Managing the Threat of Violence: Coping Strategies Among Juvenile InmatesSECTION XIV. Legal Issues in CorrectionsPrison Without LawIntroductionThe Rule of LawThe Hands-Off Period: 1866–1963The Prisoners’ Rights Period: 1964–1978The Deference Period: 1979–PresentFirst AmendmentFourth AmendmentEighth AmendmentFourteenth AmendmentThe Civil Commitment of Sex OffendersCurtailing Prisoner PetitionsLegal Issues in Probation and ParoleREADING 25. Correctional Officer Excessive Use of Force: Civil Liability Under Section 1983READING 26. Transgender Inmates in Prisons: A Review of Applicable Statutes and PoliciesSECTION XV. Correctional Programming and TreatmentLife’s Turning PointsThe Rise and Fall (and Rise Again) of RehabilitationThe Shift From “Nothing Works” to “What Works?”Evidence-Based PracticesCognitive-Behavioral TherapySubstance Abuse ProgrammingAnger ManagementSex Offenders and Their TreatmentMentally Ill OffendersREADING 27. Reducing Institutional Disorder: Using the Inmate Risk Assessment for Segregation Placement to Triage Treatment Services at the Front End of Prison SentencesREADING 28. Gender Differences in Prison-Based Drug Treatment ParticipationSECTION XVI. The Death PenaltyA Very Unusual, Very Expensive Serial KillerThe Death Penalty and Public OpinionMethods of Execution Used in the United StatesLegal Challenges to the Death PenaltyDoes the Death Penalty Deter?Financial Costs and the Death PenaltyWomen and the Death PenaltyThe Death Penalty and Mental DisabilityThe Death Penalty and Mental IllnessThe Innocence RevolutionREADING 29. The Execution of Wallace Wilkerson: Precedent and PortentREADING 30. How Would You Like to Die? Glossip v. Gross Deals Blow to AbolitionistsSECTION XVII. Corrections in the 21st CenturyIntroduction: Learning From the Past So That We Have Hope for the FuturePunitive Policies Yield Overuse of CorrectionsDecarcerationProfessionalizationCorrections Is a Relationship BusinessPrivatizationConcluding ThoughtsREADING 31. The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model Revisited: Using Biosocial Criminology to Enhance Offender RehabilitationREADING 32. Decarceration and Its Possible Effects on Inmates, Staff, and CommunitiesGlossaryReferencesIndex