Converging Media

John V. Pavlik is a professor in the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at the School of Communication and Information at Rutgers University. Pavlik is also a faculty associate at the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information (CITI). He is the former executive director of The Center for New Media at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, where he was also a professor. He has written many publications on the impact of new technology on journalism, media, and society. His books include Media in the Digital Age, published in 2008 by Columbia University Press and Journalism and New Media, published in 2001 by Columbia University Press. He has also authored more than a dozen computer software packages for education in journalism and communication and is co-developer of the Situated Documentary, a new form of storytelling using augmented reality.Shawn McIntosh is an assistant professor of English and Communication at the The College of Saint Rose. He studies how digital and social media have disrupted journalism and how journalism as a profession is responding to the challenges it faces from the perspectives of production, business models, and its role in a democratic society. I am also interested in looking at how strategic communications can be used for social change, especially in development contexts. Before teaching at The College of Saint Rose and the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, McIntosh taught a variety of courses at Columbia University School of Journalism.

• CONTENTSPrefaceAbout the AuthorsPart 1 The Changing Media LandscapeChapter 1 Mass Communication and Its Digital Transformation1.1 Telephony: Case Study in Convergence1.2 Three Types of ConvergenceTechnological Convergence Economic ConvergenceCultural Convergence1.3 Implications of ConvergenceMedia Organization Media Type Media Content Media Use Media DistributionMedia Audience Media Profession Attitudes and Values 1.4 Mass Communication in the Digital AgeInterpersonal CommunicationMass Communication Mass Communication and Convergence 1.5 Functions of Mass CommunicationSurveillance Correlation Cultural Transmission Entertainment1.6 Television: The Future of ConvergenceLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READING FeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Oprah WinfreyINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Translating is Not Child's PlayCONVERGENCE CULTURE: The Reflective Black MirrorETHICS IN MEDIA: Do You Pay More if You Own a Mac?Chapter 2 Media Literacy in the Digital Age2.1 Education and Media2.2 What Is Media Literacy?2.3 What Makes Mediated Communication Different?SemioticsFraming 2.4 Early Concerns of Media Effects2.5 Media GrammarPrint MediaRadio and Recorded Music Film and TelevisionDigital-Media Grammar2.6 Implications of Commercial MediaCommercial-Media DebateConcentration of Media Ownership2.7 Media Bias 2.8 Developing Critical Media-Literacy SkillsMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Marshall McLuhanINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Mobile Telephony in the Developing WorldETHICAL DEBATES: When Media Report Rape AllegationsCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Evaluating Online InformationChapter 3 Media Theory and Research3.1 Role of Theory and ResearchMass Society, Mass Communication3.2 Theories of CommunicationTransmission ModelsCritical Theory and Cultural Studies3.3 Media-Effects ResearchPropaganda and the Magic BulletPayne FundRadio's Wider ImpactTelevision and ViolenceLimited EffectsCultivation AnalysisSpiral of SilenceThird-Person EffectCriticisms of Media-Effects Research3.4 Understanding the AudienceAudiences Creating MeaningUses and GratificationsEncoding/DecodingReception AnalysisFraming3.5 Cultural StudiesIdeology and the Culture IndustryCriticisms of Cultural Studies3.6 Sociohistorical FrameworksInformation SocietyPolitical EconomyMedia EcologyAgenda Setting3.7 New Directions in Media Research3.8 Media Research: What Type of Science Is It?Quantitative ResearchQualitative ResearchQualitative and Quantitative Research Working TogetherMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Do FPS Games Cause Violence?MEDIA PIONEERS: Nonny de la PeñaINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: "A Habit of Being Right on the Things"ETHICS IN MEDIA: Instagram and Body ImagePart 2 Mass-Communication FormatsChapter 4 Print Media: BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, AND MAGAZINES4.1 Functions of Print MediaTransmission of CultureDiffusion of Ideas and KnowledgeEntertainment4.2 Distinctive Functions of Books4.3 History of Books to TodayMonastic ScribesJohannes GutenbergBeginnings of Mass Communication and Mass LiteracyCheaper and Smaller BooksDime NovelsMass-Market PaperbacksPrint-on-DemandEbooks4.4 Current Book-Industry Issues4.5 Sales and Readership of Books4.6 Outlook for Books4.7 Distinctive Functions of NewspapersLocal NewspapersNational Newspapers4.8 History of Newspapers to TodayThe Commercial Press and the Partisan PressColonial Readership and FinancesThe Golden Age of Newspapers4.9 Current Newspaper-Industry IssuesNewspaper ChainsBenefits of ChainsProblems with ChainsLeading Newspaper ChainsDeclining Number of Newspapers4.10 Sales and Readership of NewspapersCirculation and ReadershipAdvertising4.11 Outlook for Newspapers4.12 Distinctive Functions of Magazines4.13 History of Magazines to Today4.14 Current Magazine-Industry Issues4.15 Sales and Readership of Magazines4.16 Outlook for MagazinesMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Have Ebooks Finally Gone Over the Great Wall in China?CONVERGENCE CULTURE: When the Funnies Get SeriousMEDIA PIONEERS: Ruben SalazarChapter 5 Audio Media: MUSIC RECORDINGS, RADIO5.1 The Recording Industry5.2 Distinctive Functions of the Recording Industry5.3 History of Recorded MusicFrom Tin Pan Alley to HollywoodRoots of Rock and RollRedefining Rock5.4 The Recording Industry Today5.5 Recording-Industry Business ModelCreationPromotionDistributionPricing Structure5.6 Outlook for the Recording IndustryDigital Rights Management and Illegal File SharingNew Business Models Emerging5.7 What Is Broadcasting?5.8 Radio5.9 Distinctive Functions of Radio5.10 History of RadioWireless TelegraphyExploring Radio's Early PotentialVoice TransmissionRadio Before, During, and After WWIWidespread Public Adoption of RadioFM Radio, Edwin Howard Armstrong, and David SarnoffCreating a Viable Business Model for RadioThe Rise of Radio NetworksConsolidation in Radio Station Ownership5.11 The Radio Industry Today5.12 Radio Station Programming5.13 Outlook for the Radio IndustryPodcastingSatellite RadioMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Lil Nas XETHICAL DEBATES: Mashed-Up and Mixed-Up Musical EthicsCONVERGENCE CULTURE: NPR and PRI: America's Public Radio NetworksINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Trusting in the Power of the AirwavesChapter 6 Visual Media: PHOTOGRAPHY, MOVIES, AND TELEVISION6.1 PhotographyHistory of PhotographyPhotographic Industry Today6.2 Movies6.3 History of the Movie IndustrySilent Era: New Medium, New Technologies, New StorytellingMéliès,Griffith and WeberMurnau, Flaherty, and EisensteinSound and ColorHollywood Movie MogulsWarner BrothersWalt DisneySamuel GoldwynMarcus LoewLouis B. MayerHollywood Star SystemThe Director as AuteurTechnological Influences on Movie GenresOther Entertainment Sources for MoviesDVDs And Streaming6.4 Movie Industry Today6.5 Marketing and Distribution for Movies6.6 Movie-Industry Business Model6.7 Outlook for the Movie Industry6.8 Television6.9 History of TelevisionSeeing the Light: The First Television SystemsModern Television Takes ShapeProgramming and Genre InfluencesPushing the Programming EnvelopeCable Comes of AgeFilling the DaysFilling the NightsSportsReality ShowsDigital Television: Preparing the Way for ConvergenceThe Rise of Flat-Panel Displays6.10 Television DistributionBroadcast TVCable TVSatellite TV6.11 Television Industry TodayCable System StructureSatellite Versus Cable Versus IPTV6.12 Television-Industry Business Model6.13 Outlook for the Television IndustryMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Breaking the Silence Around MolestationDIGITAL DEBATES: The Photojournalist's Dilemma: Immersion in ConflictMEDIA PIONEERS: Kathleen KennedyCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Home Theater-Really, This TimeChapter 7 Interactive Media: THE INTERNET, VIDEO GAMES, AND VIRTUAL REALITY7.1 Interactivity Defined7.2 Interactive Media Versus Mass Media7.3 Historical Development of User InterfacesTelevision InterfacesIntuitive InterfacesKeyboardsComputer MouseTouchscreensNatural Input MethodsGraphical User Interfaces7.4 Historical Development of the Internet and the World Wide WebInternet ProtocolWorld Wide WebGraphical Web BrowsersSearch EnginesBroadbandDistribution Dynamics7.5 Video Games7.6 Historical Development of Video Games7.7 Types of Video Games7.8 Video-Game Industry7.9 Trends in Video Games7.10 Gamification7.11 Virtual Reality7.12 Ethics of Interactive MediaMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Can the Internet Save Endangered Languages?MEDIA PIONEERS: Hironobu SakaguchiCONVERGENCE CULTURE: What Do Video Games Do to You?ETHICS IN MEDIA: Epic Games Epic FinesPart 3 Media PerspectivesChapter 8 The Impact of Social Media8.1 Defining Social MediaDialogic CommunicationSocial Production8.2 What Is "Social" About Social Media?ChoiceConversationCurationCreationCollaboration8.3 Types of Social MediaEmailDiscussion Boards and Web ForumsChat RoomsBlogs and MicroblogsWikisSocial-Networking Sites8.4 Producers and ProdusersReputation, Ratings, and TrustPrivacyTransparency8.5 Social Media: The Good, the Bad, and the UglyAre Social Media Making Us Less Social?Are Social Media Making Us Dumber?Media CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Behind the Great FirewallMEDIA PIONEERS: Jack DorseyCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Are We Really Separated by Six Degrees?ETHICS IN MEDIA: Cybershaming and Cyberbullying: New Twists on Old ProblemsChapter 9 Journalism: From Information to Participation9.1 What Is News?9.2 The Historical Development of JournalismNews Values and the Associated PressPulitzer and Hearst: The Circulation Wars, Sensationalism, and StandardsJoseph PulitzerWilliam Randolph HearstThe Rise of Electronic JournalismMurrow and News in TV's Golden AgeChanges in Television News9.3 Foundations of JournalismThe Hutchins Commission and a Free and Responsible PressSeparation of Editorial and Business OperationsFairness and Balance in News CoverageFraming the NewsExpert Sources9.4 From Event to Public Eye: How News Is CreatedGathering the NewsProducing the NewsDistributing the News9.5 Types of JournalismAlternative JournalismPublic JournalismCitizen JournalismConstructive JournalismAn International Perspective9.6 Journalism in the Digital WorldNontraditional SourcesOnline User HabitsPersonalizationContextualizationConvergence9.7 The Business of JournalismSalariesDiversity in the NewsroomMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Ida B. WellsINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: The Panama PapersCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Digital News Organizations Come into Their OwnETHICS IN MEDIA: What is "Fake News," Exactly?Chapter 10 Public Relations: Building Relationships Through Strategic Communications10.1 Strategic CommunicationsPersuasive CommunicationsElaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)The Role of Media in Persuasion10.2 Public RelationsThe Historical Development of Public RelationsTrends in the Development of Public RelationsPR and Media RelationsPseudo-EventsDistributing News to the Media in the Digital AgeFinding Sources OnlinePR Firms and the PR Industry10.3 Changing Trends in PRMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: PR Gets a Red Card at the World CupMEDIA PIONEERS: Doris E. FleischmanCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Hard Landing for the Airline IndustryETHICS IN MEDIA: Fooling Most of the People Most of the Time . . . DigitallyChapter 11 Advertising: THE POWER OF PERSUASION11.1 AdvertisingThe Historical Development of AdvertisingAdvertising AgenciesCommercial TelevisionInternetThe Rise of BrandingSelling Products, Selling IdeasAdvertising ChannelsPrint MediaElectronic MediaOutdoorDirect MailAdvertising in a Digital WorldCookiesEmail MarketingBanner AdsPop-Ups and VideoClassifieds and Auction SitesSearch-Engine AdsMobile AdvertisingIn-Game AdvertisingBehavioral AdvertisingViral MarketingNative AdvertisingThe Advertising BusinessAdvertising Agencies11.2 Changing Trends in AdvertisingMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Madame C.J. WalkerETHICS IN MEDIA: No Cure for BadCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Content Marketing: Blurring the Line Between Journalism and Advertising?INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Does Marketing Affect What Drugs We Take?Chapter 12 Media Ethics12.1 Ethics, Morals, and Laws12.2 Major Systems of Ethical ReasoningCharacter, or Virtue EthicsThe Golden RuleThe Golden MeanVirtue Ethics in ActionDutiesThe Categorical ImperativeDiscourse EthicsDuties-Based Ethics in ActionConsequencesUtilitarianismSocial JusticeConsequence-Based Ethics in ActionRelationships, or Dialogical EthicsEthics of CareMoral Relativism12.3 Issues in Ethical Decision Making12.4 Role of Commercialism in Media EthicsMedia Types Influencing Content12.5 Ethics in JournalismPrivacy Rights Versus the Public's Right to KnowGoing UndercoverVictimizing the VictimsMisrepresentation and PlagiarismSociety of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics12.6 Ethical Issues in AdvertisingDeceptive AdvertisingPufferyConflicts of Interest in AdvertisingAdvertising Codes of Ethics12.7 Ethics in Public RelationsConflicts of Interest in PRPublic Relations Codes of Ethics12.8 Ethics in EntertainmentStereotypes in EntertainmentSex and ViolenceMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Global Action: Uniting Women Worldwide Through Social NetworksETHICAL DEBATES: Dialogical Ethics in ActionCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Forbidden FruitMEDIA PIONEERS: Naomi KleinPart 4 Media and SocietyChapter 13 Communication Law and Regulation in the Digital Age13.1 The Legal Framework13.2 The Foundations of Freedom of ExpressionNational SecurityClear and Present DangerPrior RestraintLibelNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)Protecting Journalists Against LibelShield LawsCensorshipThe Censorship of ComicsThe Hays CodeIndecent ContentObscenityCriticism, Ridicule, or Humor13.3 Regulating Electronic MediaEarly Days and the Radio Act of 1912 (1911-1926)Increasing Regulation and the Federal Radio Commission(1927-1933)The Communications Act and Spectrum Scarcity (1934-1995)The Telecommunications Act and the Internet (1996-Present)International Electronic Media Regulation 13.4 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)Universal ServiceThe FCC, License Renewal, and Regulatory PowerSpectrum Auction13.5 Regulating Commercial and Political SpeechCommercial SpeechTobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana AdvertisingUnclear Regulatory BoundariesPolitical SpeechEqual-Time RuleFairness Doctrine13.6 Children's Programming ProtectionsThe Children's Television ActViolent and Sexual Programming: The V-Chip13.7 Intellectual Property RightsFair Use13.8 Privacy13.9 Legal Issues in the Digital WorldDigital Rights ManagementPrivacyContent Rights and ResponsibilitiesMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesMEDIA PIONEERS: Andrew Chung, Lawrence Hurley, Andrea Januta, Jaimi Dowdell and Jackie BottsCONVERGENCE CULTURE: The Great Network Neutrality DebateINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: The Rise and Fall of Russian MediaETHICAL DEBATES: Does the Punishment Fit the Crime?Chapter 14 Mass Communication and Politics in the Digital Age14.1 Journalism and Political CoveragePoliticians Using the NewsSound Bites and Horse RacesThe Changing Tone of Television Political CoverageOpinion Polls14.2 Political AdvertisingImpact of Negative AdvertisingEffectiveness of Negative Advertising14.3 Politics and EntertainmentPolitical Campaigns and EntertainmentPolitical Debates14.4 Social Media and Political CampaignsChanges With Social MediaChanging Rules for Politicians14.5 Social Media and Civic EngagementDatabases and Government TransparencySmart Mobs14.6 Political Polarization and Media Habits Media CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesETHICAL DEBATES: Can Imagery Lead to Action?CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Super PACS and MediaINTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Crowdsourcing Election MonitoringMEDIA PIONEERS: Bill Adair Chapter 15 Global Media in the Digital Age15.1 Four Theories of International Mass CommunicationAuthoritarian TheoryLibertarian TheorySocial Responsibility TheorySoviet Theory15.2 The Public, the Public Sphere, and Public Opinion15.3 Political and Socioeconomic Issues with Global MediaMedia in Developing CountriesSearching for Truth: Self-Censorship in ChinaThe Digital Divide15.4 Global Media, Local ValuesNew Worlds-Or Cultural Imperialism?Convergence and Its DiscontentsGlobalization of Media ProductionGlobal Media FlowProtecting Local VoicesSome Developing NationsA Neighbo(u)ring NationPromoting Global VoicesCybersecurity and MediaMedia CareersLooking Back and Moving ForwardFURTHER READINGFeaturesETHICAL DEBATES: Humor and Ethics: The Role of Satire and ReligionCONVERGENCE CULTURE: Breaking News on a Global ScaleMEDIA PIONEERS: Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed KarimGlossary G-1Notes N-1Credits C-1Index I-1

Students connect well with the theme of convergence...well-written, interesting, thought-provoking." -Judi Puritz Cook, The College of New Jersey