Control of Power Inverters in Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Integration

Qing-Chang Zhong received his Diploma in electrical engineering from Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan, China, in 1990, his MSc degree in electrical engineering from Hunan University, Changsha, China, in 1997, his PhD degree in control theory and engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 1999, and his PhD degree in control and power engineering (awarded the Best Doctoral Thesis Prize) from Imperial College London, London, UK, in 2004, respectively.He holds the Chair Professor in Control and Systems Engineering at the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK. He has worked at Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan, China; Technion¨CIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Imperial College London, London, UK; University of Glamorgan, Cardiff, UK; The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; and Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK. He has been on sabbatical at the Cymer Center for Control Systems and Dynamics (CCSD), University of California, San Diego, USA; and the Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA. He is the author or co-author of Robust Control of Time-Delay Systems (Springer-Verlag, 2006), Control of Integral Processes with Dead Time (Springer-Verlag, 2010) and Control of Power Inverters in Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Integration (Wiley-IEEE Press, 2013). His research focuses on advanced control theory and applications, including power electronics, renewable energy and smart grid integration, electric drives and electric vehicles, robust and H-infinity control, time-delay systems and process control.He is a Specialist recognised by the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), a Senior Member of IEEE, the Vice-Chair of IFAC TC 6.3 (Power and Energy Systems) responsible for the Working Group on Power Electronics and was a Senior Research Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering/Leverhulme Trust, UK (2009¨C2010). He serves as an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics and the Conference Editorial Board of the IEEE Control Systems Society.Tomas Hornik received a Diploma in Electrical Engineering in 1991 from the Technical CollegeVUzlabine, Prague, the BEng and PhD degree in electrical engineering and electronics from The University of Liverpool, UK, in 2007 and 2010, respectively. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the same university from 2010 to 2011. He joined Turbo Power Systems as a Control Engineer in 2011. His research interests cover power electronics, advanced control theory and DSP-based control applications. He had more than ten years working experience in industry as a system engineer responsible for commissioning and software design in power generation and distribution, control systems for central heating and building management. He is a member of the IEEE and the IET.

• Preface xviiAcknowledgments xixAbout the Authors xxiList of Abbreviations xxiii1 Introduction 11.1 Outline of the Book 11.2 Basics of Power Processing 41.3 Hardware Issues 241.4 Wind Power Systems 441.5 Solar Power Systems 531.6 Smart Grid Integration 552 Preliminaries 632.1 Power Quality Issues 632.2 Repetitive Control 672.3 Reference Frames 71PART I POWER QUALITY CONTROL3 Current H∞ Repetitive Control 813.1 System Description 813.2 Controller Design 823.3 Design Example 873.4 Experimental Results 883.5 Summary 914 Voltage and Current H∞ Repetitive Control 934.1 System Description 934.2 Modelling of an Inverter 944.3 Controller Design 964.4 Design Example 1004.5 Simulation Results 1024.6 Summary 1075 Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control with a Frequency-adaptive Mechanism 1095.1 System Description 1095.2 Controller Design 1105.3 Design Example 1165.4 Experimental Results 1175.5 Summary 1266 Cascaded Current-Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control 1276.1 Operation Modes in Microgrids 1276.2 Control Scheme 1296.3 Design of the Voltage Controller 1316.4 Design of the Current Controller 1336.5 Design Example 1346.6 Experimental Results 1366.7 Summary 1477 Control of Inverter Output Impedance 1497.1 Inverters with Inductive Output Impedances (L-inverters) 1497.2 Inverters with Resistive Output Impedances (R-inverters) 1507.3 Inverters with Capacitive Output Impedances (C-inverters) 1527.4 Design of C-inverters to Improve the Voltage THD 1537.5 Simulation Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 1577.6 Experimental Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 1597.7 Impact of the Filter Capacitor 1627.8 Summary 1638 Bypassing Harmonic Current Components 1658.1 Controller Design 1658.2 Physical Interpretation of the Controller 1678.3 Stability Analysis 1698.4 Experimental Results 1718.5 Summary 1729 Power Quality Issues in Traction Power Systems 1739.1 Introduction 1739.2 Description of the Topology 1759.3 Compensation of Negative-sequence Currents, Reactive Power and Harmonic Currents 1759.4 Special Case: cos θ = 1 1809.5 Simulation Results 1819.6 Summary 184PART II NEUTRAL LINE PROVISION10 Topology of a Neutral Leg 18710.1 Introduction 18710.2 Split DC Link 18810.3 Conventional Neutral Leg 18910.4 Independently-controlled Neutral Leg 19010.5 Summary 19111 Classical Control of a Neutral Leg 19311.1 Mathematical Modelling 19311.2 Controller Design 19511.3 Performance Evaluation 19911.4 Selection of the Components 20111.5 Simulation Results 20211.6 Summary 20512 H∞ Voltage-Current Control of a Neutral Leg 20712.1 Mathematical Modelling 20712.2 Controller Design 21012.3 Selection of Weighting Functions 21412.4 Design Example 21512.5 Simulation Results 21612.6 Summary 21713 Parallel PI Voltage-H∞ Current Control of a Neutral Leg 21913.1 Description of the Neutral Leg 21913.2 Design of an13.3 Addition of a Voltage Control Loop 22613.4 Experimental Results 22613.5 Summary 23014 Applications in Single-phase to Three-phase Conversion 23314.1 Introduction 23314.2 The Topology under Consideration 23614.3 Basic Analysis 23714.4 Controller Design 23914.5 Simulation Results 24414.6 Summary 248PART III POWER FLOW CONTROL15 Current Proportional–Integral Control 25115.1 Control Structure 25115.2 Controller Implementation 25415.3 Experimental Results 25415.4 Summary 25816 Current Proportional-Resonant Control 25916.1 Proportional-resonant Controller 25916.2 Control Structure 26016.3 Controller Design 26116.4 Experimental Results 26316.5 Summary 26817 Current Deadbeat Predictive Control 26917.1 Control Structure 26917.2 Controller Design 26917.3 Experimental Results 27117.4 Summary 27518 Synchronverters: Grid-friendly Inverters that Mimic Synchronous Generators 27718.1 Mathematical Model of Synchronous Generators 27818.2 Implementation of a Synchronverter 28218.3 Operation of a Synchronverter 28418.4 Simulation Results 28718.5 Experimental Results 29018.6 Summary 29619 Parallel Operation of Inverters 29719.1 Introduction 29719.2 Problem Description 29919.3 Power Delivered to a Voltage Source 30019.4 Conventional Droop Control 30119.5 Inherent Limitations of Conventional Droop Control 30419.6 Robust Droop Control of R-inverters 30919.7 Robust Droop Control of C-inverters 31919.8 Robust Droop Control of L-inverters 32619.9 Summary 33020 Robust Droop Control with Improved Voltage Quality 33520.1 Control Strategy 33520.2 Experimental Results 33720.3 Summary 34621 Harmonic Droop Controller to Improve Voltage Quality 34721.1 Model of an Inverter System 34721.2 Power Delivered to a Current Source 34921.3 Reduction of Harmonics in the Output Voltage 35121.4 Simulation Results 35321.5 Experimental Results 35521.6 Summary 358PART IV SYNCHRONISATION22 Conventional Synchronisation Techniques 36122.1 Introduction 36122.2 Zero-crossing Method 36222.3 Basic Phase-locked Loops (PLL) 36322.4 PLL in the Synchronously Rotating Reference Frame (SRF-PLL) 36422.5 Second-order Generalised Integrator-based PLL (SOGI-PLL) 36622.6 Sinusoidal Tracking Algorithm (STA) 36822.7 Simulation Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 36922.8 Experimental Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 37222.9 Summary 37823 Sinusoid-locked Loops 37923.1 Single-phase Synchronous Machine (SSM) Connected to the Grid 37923.2 Structure of a Sinusoid-locked Loop (SLL) 38023.3 Tracking of the Frequency and the Phase 38223.4 Tracking of the Voltage Amplitude 38223.5 Tuning of the Parameters 38223.6 Equivalent Structure 38323.7 Simulation Results 38423.8 Experimental Results 38623.9 Summary 390References 393Index 407

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