Construction Funding

Nathan S. Collier is the founder and owner of The Collier Companies, a Florida-based firm that develops, owns, and manages close to 9,000 apartments in thirty-four communities. He has endowed the Nathan S. Collier Master's in Real Estate program at the University of Florida, and is a registered real estate broker, a licensed building contractor, a Certified Public Accountant, and a member of the Florida Bar.Courtland A. Collier, PE, is Associate Professor Emeritus, Civil Engineering, at the University of Florida.Don A. Halperin, FAIG, is Director Emeritus, School of Building Construction, at the University of Florida.

• Prologue: Habitat, Sustainability, and Stormwater Management xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Rainwater as the Resource 11.1 The Water Balance as a Guide for Sustainable Design 11.2 The Water Balance by Region 71.3 Arid Environments: The Southern California Model 11The Energy Demand for Water in Southern California 131.4 The Altered Water Balance and Hydrologic Impacts 16Imperviousness 16Increased Volume of Runoff 201.5 The Impacts of Development on the Hydrologic Cycle 24Reduced Groundwater Recharge 24Reduced Stream Base Flow 25Altered Stream Channel Morphology 26Water Supply Impacts 261.6 The Historic Approach: Detention System Design 271.7 Stormwater Volume Methodologies 302 Stormwater Hydrology and Quality 332.1 Overland Flow: The Beginning of Runoff 332.2 Regional Hydrology 35Wetlands 36First-Order Streams 382.3 Stormwater Volume 392.4 The Water Quality Impacts of Land Development 40Increased Pollutants in Urban Runoff 432.5 The Chemistry of Urban Runoff Pollution 442.6 Understanding Pollutant Transport in Stormwater 47Stormwater Quantity and Quality 47Particulates 48Solutes 493 Land as the Resource 513.1 Historic Patterns of Land Development 513.2 Sustainable Site Design 583.3 Watershed Setting and Physical Context 583.4 Smart Growth Issues 59Changes Related to Development 593.5 Conflict between Desired Land Use and Sustainability 613.6 Physical Determinants of Land Development 62Geology 62Physiography 65Topography 66Soil and Subsurface Conditions 673.7 Urban Communities with Combined Sewer Overflows 68End of the Sewer 71Other Urban Infrastructure 733.8 The Living Building and Zero Net Water Use 744 The Planning Process for LID 794.1 Sustainable Site Planning Process with Stormwater Management 79Guideline 1: Understand the Site 79Guideline 2: Apply LID Conservation Design 80Guideline 3: Manage Rainfall Where It Originates 81Guideline 4: Design with Operation and Maintenance in Mind 83Guideline 5: Calculate Runoff Volume Increase and Water Quality Impacts 854.2 Overview of the Site Design Process for LID 865 The Legal Basis for LID: Regulatory Standards and LID Design Criteria 955.1 The Land–Water Legal Process 95Common Law 95Federal Water Quality Law 96Federal Land Use Law 975.2 The Evolution of Land Development Regulation 985.3 The Regulatory Framework 100Pennsylvania Land Use Law 101Pennsylvania Water Law 102California Land Use Law 103California Water Law 1045.4 Stormwater Management Regulations 105Volume Control 105Volume Control Criteria 106Volume Control Guideline 108Peak-Rate Control Guideline 108Water Quality Protection Guideline 109Stormwater Standards for Special Areas 110Legal Implications of Green Infrastructure 1106 LID Design Calculations and Methodology 1136.1 Introduction to Stormwater Methodologies 1136.2 Existing Methodologies for Runoff Volume Calculations 114Runoff Curve Number Method 114Small Storm Hydrology Method 117Infiltration Models for Runoff Calculations 119Urban Runoff Quality Management 1196.3 Existing Methodologies for Peak-Rate/Hydrograph Estimates 120The Rational Method 120The NRCS (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method 1206.4 Computer Models 121The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System 121The SCS/NRCS Models: WinTR-20 and WinTR-55 121The Stormwater Management Model 122The Source Loading and Management Model 122Continuous Modeling 1236.5 Precipitation Data for Stormwater Calculations 1236.6 Accounting for the Benefits of LID: Linking Volume and Peak Rate 1246.7 Recommended LID Stormwater Calculation Methodology 124Methods Involving No Routing 125Methods Involving Routing 1266.8 Nonstructural BMP Credits 1277 Design of LID Systems 1317.1 Nonstructural Measures 131Impervious Surface Reduction 131Limitation of Site Disturbance 132Site Design with Less Space 1327.2 Structural Measures 1337.3 Pervious Pavement with an Infiltration or Storage Bed 134Types of Porous Pavement 134Description and Function 136Pervious Bituminous Asphalt 141Pervious Portland Cement Concrete 141Pervious Paver Blocks 141Reinforced Turf 143Other Porous Surfaces 144Potential Applications 144Pervious Pavement Walkways (Concrete and Asphalt) 144Rooftop and Impervious Area Connections 144Water Quality Mitigation 1457.4 Bioremediation 145Rain Garden: Design and Function 146Primary Components of a Rain Garden System 1477.5 Vegetated Roof Systems 152Design and Function 154Design Elements of a Vegetated Roof System 155Types of Vegetated Roof Systems 155Dual Media with a Synthetic Retention Layer 158Potential Applications 1587.6 Capture–Reuse 158Rain Barrels and Cisterns 161Vertical Storage 1648 Structural Measures: Construction, Operation, and Maintenance 1698.1 Porous Pavement Systems 169Construction 169Storage/Infiltration Bed Dimensions 174Construction Staging 174Operation and Maintenance 176Vacuuming 177Restoration of Porous Pavements 178Cost of Porous Pavement 1788.2 Bioremediation Systems 179Rain Gardens 179Construction of a Rain Garden 183Maintenance of Rain Gardens 183Cost of Rain Gardens 184Vegetated Roof Systems 184Construction of a Vegetated Roof 187Maintenance of Vegetated Roofs 188Cost of Vegetated Roofs 1888.3 Capture–Reuse Systems 188Construction 188Volume Reduction 191Peak-Rate Mitigation 191Water Quality Mitigation 191Appendix A: The Stormwater Calculation Process 193Appendix B: Case Studies 213B.1 The Transition from Research to Practice 213B.2 Manuals 215B.3 LID Manual for Michigan (2008) 219B.4 Models and Watershed Studies 237B.5 Design and Construction Projects 251Index 283