Computer Science and Ambient Intelligence

Gaelle Calvary is Professor in Computer Science at the Ensimag software engineering school of the Grenoble Institute of Technology, Grenoble, France. Thierry Delot is Associate professor, University of Valenciennes, France. Florence Sèdes is Professor, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Jean-Yves Tigli is Associate professor, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis - France.

• Preface xiiiChapter 1 Ambient Intelligence: Science or Fad? 1 Joëlle COUTAZ and James L. CROWLEY1.1 Ambient intelligence: still young at 20 years 11.2 A step forward in the evolution of informatics 31.2.1 Fifty years ago: the computer as an isolated critical resource 31.2.2 Thirty years ago: the user at the center of design 51.2.3 The past decade: combining physical, social, and digital worlds 71.3 Extreme challenges 101.3.1 Multi-scale 101.3.2 Heterogeneity 101.3.3 Dynamic adaptation 111.4 Conclusion 111.5 Bibliography 12Chapter 2 Thinking about Ethics 15Anne-Marie BENOIT2.1 Ethics and fundamental rights 162.2 Ethics and values 182.3 Ethics and future perspectives 202.4 Bibliography 20Chapter 3 Sensor Networks 21Jean CARLE, Michaël HAUSPIE, Nathalie MITTON, Tahiry RAZAFINDRALAMBO and David SIMPLOT-RYL3.1 MAC layers for wireless sensor networks 213.1.1 Challenges at MAClevel 213.1.2 Energy consumption 223.1.3 Parameters for evaluating a MAClayer 233.1.4 MAC Protocols 233.2 Topology control 243.2.1 Range adjustment 253.2.2 Spanning 273.3 Routing 333.3.1 Broadcast 333.3.2 Classic routing 363.3.3 Geographic routing 403.4 Deployment of sensor networks 423.4.1 Knowing the hardware 433.4.2 Development process 453.4.3 Ensuring stability 453.4.4 Preparing for deployment 463.5 Bibliography 47Chapter 4 Smart Systems, Ambient Intelligence and Energy Sources: Current Developments and Future Applications 55Georges AKHRAS and Florence SÈDES4.1 Introduction 554.2 Did you say “smart systems”? 564.2.1 Smart materials 584.2.2 Sensors and actuators 594.2.3 Command and control unit 594.2.4 Managing data and security 594.3 Energy harvesting 604.3.1 Initial applications 604.3.2 Second generation 624.3.3 Managing systems, processes and energy 624.4 Wear able computers and smart fibers 634.5 Other applications 644.6 Conclusion 664.7 Bibliography 68Chapter 5 Middleware in Ubiquitous Computing 71Vincent HOURDIN, Nicolas FERRY, Jean-Yves TIGLI, Stéphane LAVIROTTE and Gaëtan REY5.1 Middleware 715.2 Development of middleware with new computer environments 715.2.1 Distribution 725.2.2 Mobility 735.2.3 Context awareness and adaptation 745.2.4 Ubiquitous computing 745.3 Main properties of middleware in ubiquitous computing 755.3.1 Heterogeneity and interoperability 765.3.2 Scalability 775.3.3 Mobility 775.3.4 Variability, unpredictability, extensibility and spontaneous interactions 785.3.5 Dynamic adaptation 805.3.6 Context awareness 815.3.7 Security 825.3.8 Adapted and controlled response times 835.4 Bibliography 84Chapter 6 WComp, Middleware for Ubiquitous Computing and System Focused Adaptation 89Nicolas FERRY, Vincent HOURDIN, Stéphane LAVIROTTE, Gaëtan REY and Jean-Yves TIGLI6.1 Service infrastructure in devices 896.1.1 Interoperability 926.1.2 Event communication 936.1.3 Appearance and disappearance 946.1.4 Decentralized dynamic discovery 956.1.5 WSOAD 966.2 Dynamic service composition 976.2.1 Composition of services for devices: LCA 986.2.2 Distributed composition: SLCA 1006.3 Dynamic adaptation of applications to variations in their infrastructure 1046.3.1 The principles of AOPs 1056.3.2 Transverse adaptation 1076.3.3 Summary 1176.4 Bibliography 117Chapter 7 Data Access and Ambient Computing 121Thierry DELOT and Marie THILLIEZ7.1 Introduction 1217.2 General context 1227.2.1 Devices 1237.2.2 Communication 1237.2.3 Mobility 1237.3 Types of queries 1257.3.1 Location queries 1257.3.2 Continuous queries 1257.4 Data access models 1267.4.1 The Pull model 1267.4.2 The Push model 1277.5 Query optimization 1287.6 Sensitivity to context 1307.7 Conclusion 1317.8 Bibliography 132Chapter 8 Security and Ambient Systems: A Study on the Evolution of Access Management in Pervasive Information Systems 135Dana AL KUKHUN and Florence SÈDES8.1 Introduction 1358.2 Managing access in pervasive information systems 1378.2.1 Basic access control models 1378.2.2 Managing service-oriented access: the XACML standard 1408.3 The evolution of context-aware RBAC models 1418.3.1 Examples of context-aware models 1418.3.2 Summary 1428.4 Conclusion 1438.5 Bibliography 143Chapter 9 Interactive Systems and User-Centered Adaptation: The Plasticity of User Interfaces 147Joëlle COUTAZ, Gaëlle CALVARY, Alexandre DEMEURE and Lionel BALME9.1 Introduction 1479.2 The problem space of UI plasticity 1499.2.1 Plasticity and elasticity 1509.2.2 Adaptation capacity and its problem space 1509.2.3 Context of use 1599.2.4 Meta-UI and user control 1639.2.5 Utility, usability and value 1689.2.6 Summary 1699.3 The CAMELEON reference framework for rational development of plastic UI 1709.3.1 Relationships between models 1739.3.2 Development process 1759.4 The CAMELEON-RT run time infrastructure 1769.4.1 Functional decomposition of CAMELEON-RT 1779.4.2 Situation identifier 1789.4.3 Evolution engine 1799.4.4 Component manager 1799.4.5 Adaptation producer 1809.5 Our principles for implementing plasticity 1819.6 Conclusion: lessons learned and open challenges 1829.7 Appendices 1859.7.1 There is plasticity and there is plasticity! 1859.7.2 Implementation tools 1869.8 Bibliography 193Chapter 10 Composition of User Interfaces 203Gaëlle CALVARY, Anne-Marie DERY-PINNA, Audrey OCCELLO, Philippe RENEVIER and Yoann GABILLON10.1 Problem 20310.2 Case study 20510.2.1 Description of the available services 20510.2.2 Examples of services built by composition 20710.3 Issues 20810.4 State of the art in UI composition 21010.4.1 Composition: as hared concern 21110.4.2 UIs composition 21110.4.3 The development process of UIs 21210.4.4 Generation of UIs 21310.4.5 Plasticity of UIs 21310.4.6 Summary of the state of the art in UI composition 21410.5 Two examples of approaches 21510.5.1 Composition driven by the UI and the context of use: Compose 21510.5.2 A resolution driven by the functional core: Alias 21810.6 Key statements and propositions 22010.7 Bibliography 222Chapter 11 Smart Homes for People Suffering from Cognitive Disorders 225Sylvain GIROUX and Hélène PIGOT11.1 Introduction 22511.2 The impact of cognitive disorders on society 22711.2.1 Cognitive deficits have high human, social and economic costs 22711.2.2 Cognitive assistance and remote monitoring: a source of hope 22811.3 Cognitive disorders, relevant clients and research at DOMUS 22811.3.1 Manifestations of cognitive difficulties in affected people 22811.3.2 Fostering autonomy and aging in place 22911.3.3 Accompanying caregivers 23111.4 The objectives of the research program conducted at DOMUS 23111.4.1 Benefits for individuals and society 23211.4.2 Transforming the habitat of people with cognitive deficits 23211.4.3. Building bridges between research, practice and users 23311.5 Pervasive computing and ambient intelligence 23311.6 An integrated and interdisciplinary approach to research 23411.6.1 Guidelines and ethical lines that should not be crossed 23411.6.2 Multidisciplinary solutions 23511.6.3 Leaving the laboratory to evaluate, validate and transfer solutions 23511.6.4 A concrete example of the research approach applied at DOMUS 23611.7 Transforming a residence into an intelligent habitat 23611.8 Research activities 23811.8.1 Cognitive or theses and remote monitoring 23911.8.2 Cognitive assistance in the home 23911.8.3 Cognitive assistance outside the home 24011.8.4 Remote monitoring and organization of work between caregivers 24111.8.5 The interactive AMELIS calendar: portal to an intelligent habitat 24111.8.6 Accompanied social networking 24211.8.7 Risk detection 24211.8.8 Ambient intelligence: ubiquity, activity recognition and context awareness 24311.8.9 Advanced user interfaces 24311.8.10 Medical monitoring: gathering ecological data and physiological data 24411.8.11 Cognitive modeling and personalization 24511.8.12 Heterogeneous networks, distributed systems and use in real life 24611.8.13 Identification, localization, simulation and artificial intelligence 24711.8.14 Private life, security, and reliability 24811.8.15 Design and ergonomics 24811.8.16 Clinical studies, usability studies 24811.9 Conclusion 25311.10 Bibliography 254Chapter 12 Pervasive Games and Critical Applications 263Isabelle ASTIC, Coline AUNIS, Jérome DUPIRE, Viviane GAL, Eric GRESSIER-SOUDAN, Christophe PITREY, Matthieu ROY, Françoise SAILHAN, Michel SIMATIC, Alexandre TOPOL and Emanuel ZAZA12.1 Introduction 26312.2 Pervasive games 26412.2.1 “PSM: the game where you are the network” 26612.3 Critical ubiquitous applications 27512.3.1 Distributed black box 27512.3.2 Safeguarding heritage 27812.3.3 Summary 28012.4 Conclusion 28112.5 Bibliography 282Chapter 13 Intelligent Transportation Systems 285Mikael DESERTOT, Sylvain LECOMTE, Christophe GRANSART and Thierry DELOT13.1 Introduction 28513.2 Software architecture 28613.2.1 For what sort of applications? 28613.2.2 Importance of the context 28713.2.3 Services provided by the platform 28813.2.4 Example of a platform 29313.3 Dedicated transportation services and mode of communication 29413.3.1 Transportation-oriented services that use an infrastructure 29513.3.2 Exchange services between vehicles 29513.4 Public transportation services 30113.4.1 ICAU 30113.4.2 Internet access on trains 30313.5 Conclusion 30313.6 Bibliography 304Chapter 14 Sociotechnical Ambient Systems: From Test Scenario to Scientific Obstacles 307Georges DA COSTA, Jean-Pierre GEORGÉ and Marie-Pierre GLEIZES14.1 Introduction 30714.2 Definitions and characteristics 30814.3 Real-life scenario: Ambient Campus 31114.4 Intuitive architectures 31314.4.1 The building blocks of the Ambient Campus scenario 31414.4.2 Limitations of simplistic infrastructures 31414.4.3 Context and role bubbles 31514.5 Scientific challenges 31614.5.1 AmID 31814.5.2 Network level 31914.5.3 Middleware level 32014.5.4 User service level 32114.6 Conclusion 32414.7 Acknowledgments 32514.8 Bibliography 325List of Authors 329Index 333