Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien

Stuart D. Lee is a member of the English Faculty at the University of Oxford. He is the University's Reader in E-learning and Digital Libraries, a member of Merton College, and Deputy CIO at the University's IT Services. He has studied medieval literature and the works of Tolkien for over 30 years. His research focuses on the impact of medieval literature on modern culture, and he lectures in Old English, Tolkien, and the Poetry of the First World War. He is co-author of Key Concepts in Medieval Literature (2006) and The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien (2005).

• Acknowledgments xiNotes on Contributors xiiiEditorial Practices and Abbreviations xixBrief Chronology of the Life and Works of J. R. R. Tolkien xxiiIntroduction 1Part I: Life 51 A Brief Biography 7John GarthPart II: The Academic 252 Academic Writings 27Thomas Honegger3 Tolkien as Editor 41Tom Shippey4 Manuscripts: Use, and Using 56Stuart D. LeePart III: The Legendarium 775 Myth-making and Sub-creation 79Carl Phelpstead6 Middle-earth Mythology: An Overview 92Leslie A. Donovan7 The Silmarillion: Tolkien’s Theory of Myth, Text, and Culture 107Gergely Nagy8 The Hobbit: A Turning Point 119John D. Rateliff9 The Lord of the Rings 133John R. Holmes10 Unfinished Tales and the History of Middle-earth: A Lifetime of Imagination 146Elizabeth A. Whittingham11 “The Lost Road” and “The Notion Club Papers”: Myth, History, and Time-travel 161Verlyn Flieger12 Poetry 173Corey Olsen13 “Minor” Works 189Maria Artamonova14 Invented Languages and Writing Systems 202Arden R. SmithPart IV: Context 21515 Old English 217Mark Atherton16 Middle English 230Elizabeth Solopova17 Old Norse 244Tom Birkett18 Finnish: The Land and Language of Heroes 259Leena Kahlas-Tarkka19 Celtic: “Celtic Things” and “Things Celtic” – Identity, Language, and Mythology 272J. S. Lyman-Thomas20 The English Literary Tradition: Shakespeare to the Gothic 286Nick Groom21 Earlier Fantasy Fiction: Morris, Dunsany, and Lindsay 303Rachel Falconer22 The Inklings and Others: Tolkien and His Contemporaries 317David Bratman23 Later Fantasy Fiction: Tolkien’s Legacy 335Dimitra Fimi24 Modernity: Tolkien and His Contemporaries 350Anna VaninskayaPart V: Critical Approaches 36725 The Critical Response to Tolkien’s Fiction 369Patrick Curry26 Style and Intertextual Echoes 389Allan Turner27 The Hero’s Journey 404Anna Caughey28 Evil 418Christopher Garbowski29 Nature 431Liam Campbell30 Religion: An Implicit Catholicism 446Pat Pinsent31 War 461Janet Brennan Croft32 Women 473Adam Roberts33 Art 487Christopher Tuthill34 Music 501Bradford Lee Eden35 Film Adaptations: Theatrical and Television Versions 514Kristin Thompson36 Games and Gaming: Quantasy 530Péter Kristóf MakaiGeneral Bibliography 545Index 555