Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials

Inbunden, Engelska, 2020

AvRichard J. D. Tilley,UK) Tilley, Richard J. D. (University of Cardiff, Wales,Richard J D Tilley

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The updated third edition of the only textbook on colourThe revised third edition of Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials focuses on the ways that colour is produced, both in the natural world and in a wide range of applications. The expert author offers an introduction to the science underlying colour and optics and explores many of the most recent applications. The text is divided into three main sections: behaviour of light in homogeneous media, which can largely be explained by classical wave optics; the way in which light interacts with atoms or molecules, which must be explained mainly in terms of photons; and the interaction of light with insulators, semiconductors and metals, in which the band structure notions are of primary concern.The updated third edition retains the proven concepts outlined in the previous editions and contains information on the significant developments in the field with many figures redrawn and new material added. The text contains new or extended sections on photonic crystals, holograms, flat lenses, super-resolution optical microscopy and modern display technologies. This important book: Offers and introduction to the science that underlies the everyday concept of colourReviews the cross disciplinary subjects of physics, chemistry, biology and materials science, to link light, colour and perceptionIncludes information on many modern applications, such as the numerous different colour displays now available, optical amplifiers lasers, super-resolution optical microscopy and lighting including LEDs and OLEDs Contains new sections on photonic crystals, holograms, flat lenses, super-resolution optical microscopy and display technologiesPresents many worked examples, with problems and exercises at the end of each chapterWritten for students in materials science, physics, chemistry and the biological sciences, the third edition of Colour and The Optical Properties of Materials covers the basic science of the topic and has been thoroughly updated to include recent advances in the field.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2020-02-20
Mått183 x 257 x 31 mm
Vikt1 429 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor608
Upplaga3
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119554691

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Preface xvAbout the Companion Website xvii1 Light and Colour 11.1 Light and Colour 11.1.1 Light rays 11.1.2 Light waves 21.1.3 Photons 31.1.4 Energy levels 41.1.5 Waves and particles 51.1.6 Colour 61.2 Light Waves 61.3 Light Waves and Colour 81.4 Interference 91.4.1 Two waves with the same wavelength 91.4.2 Two waves with different wavelengths 101.4.3 Phase and group velocity 111.4.4 Light pulses 121.4.5 Superluminal and subluminal light 141.5 Light Sources 151.6 Incandescence 161.6.1 Incandescence and black-body radiation 161.6.2 The colour of incandescent objects 171.7 Luminescence 181.8 Laser Light 201.8.1 Emission and absorption of radiation 201.8.2 Energy-level populations 221.8.3 Rates of absorption and emission 231.8.4 Cavity modes 251.8.5 Coherence length and bandwidth 261.8.6 Supercontinuum light 271.9 Vision 281.10 Colour Perception 331.11 Additive Coloration 341.12 Subtractive Coloration 371.13 The Interaction of Light with a Material: Appearance 391.13.1 Reflection 391.13.2 Diffuse reflectance 401.13.3 Elastic scattering 411.13.4 Inelastic scattering 421.13.5 Absorption 421.13.6 Attenuation 431.13.7 Structural colour, iridescence, and electron excitation colour 45Further Reading 46Problems and Exercises 482 Colour Due to Refraction and Dispersion 512.1 Refraction and the Refractive Index of a Material 512.2 Total Internal Reflection 552.2.1 Refraction at an interface 552.2.2 Evanescent waves 562.3 Refractive Index and Polarisability 582.4 Refractive Index and Density 612.5 Invisible Animals, GRINS, and Mirages 632.6 Dispersion and Colours Produced by Dispersion 652.7 Rainbows 682.8 Halos 742.9 Fibre Optics 742.9.1 Optical communications 742.9.2 Optical fibres 752.9.3 Attenuation in glass fibres 772.9.4 Chemical impurities 782.9.5 Dispersion and optical fibre design 802.10 Metamaterials and Negative Refractive Index 832.10.1 Metamaterials 832.10.2 Hyperlenses 842.10.3 Invisibility cloaks 872.10.4 Metasurfaces and flat lenses 882.11 The Electro-Optic Effect and Photorefractive Materials 88Further Reading 90Problems and Exercises 923 The Production of Colour by Reflection 953.1 Reflection from a Single Surface 963.1.1 Reflection from a transparent plate 963.1.2 Data storage using reflection 973.2 Reflection from a Single Thin Film in Air 983.2.1 Reflection perpendicular to the film 983.2.2 Variation with viewing angle 1013.2.3 Transmitted beams 1023.3 The Colour of a Single Thin Film in Air 1033.4 The Reflectivity of a Single Thin Film in Air 1053.5 The Colour of a Single Thin Film on a Substrate 1063.6 The Reflectivity of a Single Thin Film on a Substrate 1073.7 Low-Reflection and High-Reflection Films 1083.7.1 Antireflection coatings 1083.7.2 Antireflection layers 1093.7.3 Graded index antireflection coatings 1113.7.4 High reflectivity surfaces 1133.7.5 Interference modulated (IMOD) displays 1133.8 Multiple Thin Films 1143.8.1 Dielectric mirrors 1143.8.2 Multilayer stacks 1163.8.3 Interference filters and distributed Bragg reflectors 1173.9 Fibre Bragg Gratings 1183.10 ‘Smart’ Windows 1203.10.1 Low-emissivity windows 1213.10.2 Self-cleaning windows 1223.11 Thin-Film Colours in Nature 1233.11.1 Single thin-film reflection 1233.11.2 Multilayer mirrors 1243.11.3 Multilayer colour generation 1253.11.4 Multilayer reflectors in blue butterflies 127Further Reading 128Problems and Exercises 1294 Polarised Light and Crystals 1354.1 Polarisation of Light 1354.2 Polarised Light and Vision 1374.3 Polarisation by Reflection 1384.4 Polars 1414.5 Crystal Symmetry and Refractive Index 1434.6 Double Refraction: Calcite as an Example 1444.6.1 Double refraction 1444.6.2 Refractive index and crystal structure 1474.7 The Description of Double Refraction Effects 1484.7.1 Uniaxial crystals 1484.7.2 Biaxial crystals 1504.8 Colour Produced by Polarisation and Birefringence 1524.9 Dichroism, Trichroism, and Pleochroism 1544.10 Nonlinear Effects 1564.10.1 Nonlinear crystals 1564.10.2 Second and third harmonic generation 1584.10.3 Frequency mixing 1604.10.4 Optical parametric amplifiers and oscillators 1614.11 Frequency Matching and Phase Matching 1624.12 More on Second Harmonic Generation 1644.12.1 Polycrystalline solids and powders 1644.12.2 Second harmonic generation in glass 1654.12.3 Second harmonic and sum frequency generation by organic materials 1664.12.4 Second harmonic generation at interfaces 1664.12.5 Second harmonic microscopy 1684.13 Optical Activity 1684.13.1 The rotation of polarised light by molecules 1684.13.2 The rotation of polarised light by crystals 1704.13.3 Circular birefringence and dichroism 1714.14 Liquid Crystals 1724.14.1 Liquid crystal mesophases 1724.14.2 Liquid crystal displays 174Further Reading 177Problems and Exercises 1795 Colour Due to Scattering 1835.1 Scattering and Extinction 1835.2 Tyndall Blue and Rayleigh Scattering 1865.3 Blue Skies, Red Sunsets 1875.4 Scattering and Polarisation 1905.5 Mie Scattering 1925.6 Blue Eyes, Blue Feathers, and Blue Moons 1955.7 Paints, Sunscreens, and Related Matters 1975.8 Multiple Scattering 1995.9 Gold Sols and Ruby Glass 1995.10 The Lycurgus Cup and Other Stained Glass 201Further Reading 204Problems and Exercises 2056 Colour Due to Diffraction 2096.1 Diffraction and Scattering 2096.2 Diffraction and Colour Production by a Slit 2106.3 Diffraction and Colour Production by a Rectangular Aperture 2126.4 Diffraction and Colour Production by a Circular Aperture 2136.5 The Diffraction Limit of Optical Instruments 2156.6 Colour Production by Linear Diffraction Gratings 2166.7 Two-Dimensional Gratings 2216.8 Estimation of the Wavelength of Light by Diffraction 2236.9 Diffraction by Crystals and Crystal-Like Structures 2246.9.1 Bragg’s law 2246.9.2 Opals 2266.10 Photonic Crystals 2296.10.1 Artificial and inverse opal structures 2296.10.2 Diffraction from cubic photonic crystals 2326.10.3 The effective refractive index of cubic photonic crystals 2326.10.4 Dynamical form of Bragg’s law 2346.10.5 Photonic bandgaps 2356.10.6 Photonic crystals in nature 2366.10.7 Photonic crystal fibres 2386.11 Diffraction from Disordered Gratings 2396.11.1 Random specks and droplets 2396.11.2 Halos, coronae, and glories 2406.11.3 Colour from cholesteric liquid crystals 2426.11.4 Natural helicoidal structures 2466.11.5 Disordered two- and three-dimensional gratings 2476.12 Diffraction by Sub-Wavelength Structures 2486.12.1 Diffraction by moth-eye antireflection structures 2496.12.2 The cornea of the eye 2506.12.3 Some blue feathers 2516.13 Holograms 2526.13.1 Holograms and interference patterns 2526.13.2 Transmission holograms 2536.13.3 Reflection holograms 2556.13.4 Rainbow holograms 2566.13.5 Hologram recording media 2596.13.6 Embossed holograms 2616.14 Hologram Formation 2626.14.1 Interference of two coherent light waves 2626.14.2 Image formation 263Further Reading 266Problems and Exercises 2687 Colour from Atoms and Ions 2737.1 The Spectra of Atoms and Ions 2737.2 The Spectrum of Hydrogen 2767.3 Terms and Levels 2787.4 Atomic Spectra and Chemical Analysis 2807.5 Fraunhofer Lines and Stellar Spectra 2827.6 Neon Signs and Plasma Displays 2837.7 The Helium–Neon Laser 2857.8 Sodium and Mercury Street Lights 2877.9 Atomic and Optical Clocks 2897.9.1 Clocks 2897.9.2 Atomic clocks 2907.9.3 The 133Cs atomic clock 2917.9.4 Optical clocks 2917.10 Transition-Metal Cation Colours: Overview 2917.11 Crystal Field Splitting 2927.11.1 d-orbital interactions 2927.11.2 Term splitting 2957.11.3 Energies 2977.11.4 Selection rules 2977.12 The Crystal Field Colours of Transition-Metal Ions 2997.12.1 3d1, 3d4, 3d5, 3d6, and 3d9 cations 2997.12.2 3d2, 3d3, 3d7, and 3d8 cations 3017.12.3 Octahedral and tetrahedral coordination 3047.12.4 Thermochromism, piezochromism, and crystal-field splitting 3067.13 Crystal Field Colours in Minerals and Gemstones 3067.13.1 The colour of ruby 3067.13.2 Emerald, chrome alum, and alexandrite 3097.13.3 Malachite, azurite, and turquoise 3117.14 Colour as a Structural Probe 3117.15 Transition-Metal-Ion Lasers 3137.15.1 The ruby laser: a three-level laser 3137.15.2 The titanium-sapphire laser 3147.16 Colours from Lanthanoid Ions 3157.16.1 Lanthanoid ion colours: general 3157.16.2 The colour of Ce3+ and Eu2+ 3167.16.3 f-f colours: Pr3+, Tm3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+ 3197.17 The Neodymium (Nd3+) Solid State Laser: A Four-Level Laser 3197.18 Optical Amplifiers 3227.18.1 Amplification of optical fibre signals 3227.18.2 Fibre lasers 3237.19 Transition Metal, Lanthanoid, and Actinoid Pigments 324Further Reading 326Problems and Exercises 3278 Colour from Molecules 3318.1 The Energy Levels of Molecules 3318.1.1 Electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy levels 3318.1.2 Molecular orbitals 3338.1.3 Molecular orbitals in large molecules 3338.1.4 Origin of molecular colours 3368.2 The Colours Arising in Some Inorganic Molecules 3378.2.1 Halogens 3378.2.2 Auroras 3388.2.3 Candles and fireworks 3388.3 The Colour of Water 3398.4 Ultramarine Pigments and Related Colours 3418.5 Organic Chromophores, Chromogens, and Auxochromes 3448.6 Conjugated Bonds in Organic Molecules: Carotenoids 3458.7 Nonlinear Conjugated Bonds Involving N Atoms: Pterins 3488.8 Conjugated Bonds Circling Metal Atoms: Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 3538.8.1 Porphin 3538.8.2 Chlorophylls 3548.8.3 Haemoglobins and related molecules 3568.8.4 Phthalocyanins 3588.9 Naturally Occurring Colourants: Flavonoid Pigments 3588.9.1 Flavone-related colours: yellows 3588.9.2 Anthocyanin-related colours: reds and blues 3608.9.3 The colour of red wine 3648.10 Autumn Leaves 3648.11 Some Dyes and Pigments 3678.11.1 Indigo, Tyrian purple, and mauve 3678.11.2 Tannins 3698.11.3 Melanins 3708.12 Charge Transfer Colours 3728.12.1 Charge transfer processes 3728.12.2 Cation-to-cation (intervalence) charge transfer 3738.12.3 Anion-to-cation charge transfer 3778.12.4 Iron-containing minerals 3788.13 Colour-Change Sensors 3798.13.1 The detection of metal ions 3808.13.2 Indicators 3808.13.3 Colorimetric sensor films and arrays 3838.13.4 Markers 3848.14 Dye Lasers 3848.15 Photochromic Organic Molecules 3888.16 Biological Cell Stains 389Further Reading 391Problems and Exercises 3939 Luminescence 3979.1 Photoluminescence: Activators, Sensitisers, and Fluorophores 3979.2 Photonic Processes in Photoluminescence 3999.2.1 Fluorescence 4009.2.2 Phosphorescence 4029.2.3 Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) 4029.2.4 Anti-Stokes-shift luminescence 4049.3 Atomic Processes in Photoluminescence 4059.3.1 Quantum yield and reaction rates 4059.3.2 Structural interactions 4079.3.3 Quenching 4079.3.4 Ultralong organic phosphorescence (OLP) 4129.3.5 Aggregation-induced fluorescence 4139.4 Inorganic Luminescence 4139.4.1 Fluorescent lamps 4149.4.2 Halophosphate lamps 4149.4.3 Trichromatic lamps 4159.4.4 Other fluorescent lamps 4179.5 Plasma Displays 4189.6 Fluorescent Organic Molecules 4199.6.1 Fluorescent molecular tags and proteins 4209.6.2 Green fluorescent protein 4219.6.3 Other fluorescent proteins 4219.6.4 Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PA-FPs) 4249.6.5 The mechanism of photoswitching 4249.6.6 Synthetic fluorescent dyes 4259.7 Microscopy 4279.7.1 Fluorescence microscopy 4279.7.2 Multiphoton excitation microscopy 4289.7.3 Super-resolution imaging 4299.8 Upconversion 4349.8.1 Upconversion via lanthanoid cations 4349.8.2 Ground state absorption and excited state absorption 4359.8.3 Energy transfer 4379.8.4 Other lanthanoid upconversion processes 4399.8.5 Organic molecule sensitisers 4409.8.6 Triplet-triplet annihilation 4419.9 Quantum Cutting (Downconversion) 4449.10 Fluorescent Markers and Sensors 4459.11 Long-Lifetime Emission 4479.11.1 Persistent luminescence 4479.11.2 Photostimulable luminescence 4509.11.3 Radiophotoluminescence 4519.11.4 Optically stimulated luminescence in thermochronometry 4519.11.5 Thermoluminescence 4529.12 Scintillators 4539.13 Chemiluminescent Light Emission 4549.13.1 Chemiluminescence 4549.13.2 Bioluminescence 4559.13.3 Electrochemiluminescence 4589.14 Mechanoluminescence and Related Light Emission 4629.14.1 Triboluminescence 4629.14.2 Sonoluminescence 4639.15 Phosphor Electroluminescent Displays 4639.16 Organic Molecule Electroluminescence and OLEDs 4679.16.1 Molecular electroluminescence 4679.16.2 Early OLED development 4709.16.3 Later developments 4729.16.4 White OLEDs and lighting 474Further Reading 475Problems and Exercises 47610 Colour in Insulators, Semiconductors, and Metals 48110.1 The Colours of Insulators 48210.2 Excitons 48410.3 Impurity Colours in Insulators 48510.4 Colour Centres 48610.4.1 The F Centre 48710.4.2 Electron-Excess and Hole-Excess Centres 48910.4.3 Impurity Colours in Diamond 49110.4.4 Surface Colour Centres 49410.4.5 Complex Colour Centres: Laser Action 49510.4.6 Tenebrescence 49610.5 The Colours of Inorganic Semiconductors 49610.5.1 Coloured Semiconductors 49610.5.2 Transparent Conducting Oxides 49810.6 The Colours of Semiconductor Alloys 49910.7 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 50110.7.1 Direct and Indirect Bandgaps 50110.7.2 Idealised Diode Structure 50110.7.3 High Brightness LEDs 50310.7.4 Impurity Doping in LEDs 50410.7.5 LED Displays and White Light Generation 50510.7.6 Perovskite LEDs 50610.8 Semiconductor Diode Lasers 50710.9 Semiconductor Nanostructures 50810.9.1 Nanostructures 50810.9.2 Quantum Wells 50910.9.3 Two-Dimensional Light-Emitting Layered Structures 51210.9.4 Quantum Wires and Rods 51410.9.5 Quantum Dots 51410.9.6 QLEDs 51710.10 Electrochromic Films 51710.10.1 Tungsten Trioxide Electrochromic Films 51810.10.2 Inorganic Electrochromic Materials 52110.10.3 Electrochromic Polymers 52210.11 Photovoltaics 52410.11.1 Photovoltaics and Photoconductivity 52410.11.2 Photodiodes and Solar Cells 52510.11.3 Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells 52610.11.4 Perovskite Solar Cells 52810.12 Digital Photography 53010.12.1 Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) 53010.12.2 CCD Imaging 53110.13 The Colours of Metals 53210.13.1 Metallic Materials 53210.13.2 Reflectivity of Metals 53310.13.3 Reflectivity and Free Electron Theory 53310.13.4 The Colour of Copper, Silver, and Gold 53510.14 The Colours of Metal Nanoparticles 53610.14.1 Surface Plasmons and Polaritons 53610.14.2 Polychromic Glass 53810.14.3 Photochromic Glass 53910.14.4 Metal Nanoparticle Sensors and SERS 54110.15 Extraordinary Light Transmission and Plasmonic Crystals 542Further Reading 542Problems and Exercises 543Appendix A Definitions, Units, and Conversion Factors 549A.1 Constants, Energy, and Conversion Factors 549A.2 Waves 550A.3 SI Units Associated with Radiation and Light 552Appendix B The Colour of a Thin Film in White Light 555Appendix C Hologram Formation 557C.1 Interference of Two Coherent Light Waves 557C.2 Image Formation 559C.3 Wave Overlap and Interference 560Appendix D Atomic Electron Configurations and Energy Levels 563D.1 Electron Configurations of the Lighter Atoms 563D.2 The 3d Transition Metals 564D.3 The Lanthanoid Elements 565D.4 The Vector Model of the Atom 566D.5 Energy Levels and Terms of Many Electron Atoms 567D.6 The Ground State Term of an Atom 569D.7 Energy Levels of Many Electron Atoms 569Index 571