Colloidal Domain

Håkan Wennerström is an Emeritus Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. He is the author of more than 250 publications mainly in colloid science in the areas of surfactant and lipid phase behavior, surface forces, electrostatic interactions, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. He was a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry for 14 years and its Chairman for three years.

• Preface to the First Edition xvPreface to the Second Edition xviiPreface to the Third Edition xixPhysical Constants xxiSymbols xxiiiAbout the Author xxviiIntroduction/Why Colloidal Systems Are Important xxixThe Colloidal Domain Encompasses Many Biological and Technological Systems xxixUnderstanding of Colloidal Phenomena Is Advancing Rapidly xxxiAssociation Colloids Display Key Concepts That Guided the Structure of This Book xxxii1 Solutes and Solvents, Self-assembly of Amphiphiles 11.1 Understanding the Origin of Entropy and Enthalpy of Mixing Provides Useful Molecular Insight into Many Colloidal Phenomena 31.2 The Chemical Potential Is a Central Thermodynamic Concept in the Description of Multicomponent Systems 101.3 Amphiphilic Self-assembly Processes Are Spontaneous, Are Characterized by Start–Stop Features, and Produce Aggregates with Well-defined Properties 171.4 Amphiphilic Molecules Are Liquid-like in Self-assembled Aggregates 221.5 Surfactant Numbers Provide Useful Guides for Predicting Aggregate Structures 251.6 Solvophobicity Drives Amphiphilic Aggregation 281.7 Brownian Motion Gives Rise to Molecular Diffusion 312 Surface Chemistry and Monolayers 412.1 We Can Comprehend Surface Tension in Terms of Surface Free Energy 442.2 Several Techniques Measure Surface Tension 522.3 Capillary Condensation, Ostwald Ripening, Nucleation, and Particle Adsorption on Interfaces Are Practical Manifestations of Surface Phenomena 542.4 Thermodynamics Can Be Extended to Include Surface Contributions 622.5 Monolayers of Insoluble Amphiphiles Form Independent Two-dimensional Systems 682.6 A Range of Experimental Methods Can Be Used to Study Surfaces and Interfaces 702.7 Evaporation at a Surface Leads to Intriguing Nonequilibrium Phenomena 753 Electrostatic Interactions in Colloidal Systems 853.1 Intermolecular Interactions Can Be Expressed as the Sum of Five Terms 883.2 Multipole Expansion of the Charge Distribution Provides a Convenient Way to Express Electrostatic Interactions Between Molecules 893.3 When Electrostatic Interactions Are Smaller than the Thermal Energy, We Can Use Angle-averaged Potentials to Evaluate Them and Obtain the Free Energy 953.4 Induced Dipoles Contribute to Electrostatic Interactions 983.5 Separating Ion–Ion Interactions from Contributions of Dipoles and Higher Multipoles in the Poisson Equation Simplifies Dealing with Condensed Phases 1003.6 The Poisson Equation Containing Solvent-averaged Properties Describes the Free Energy of Ion Solvation 1063.7 Self-assembly, Ion Adsorption, and Surface Titration Play an Important Role in Determining Properties of Charged Interfaces 1073.8 The Poisson–Boltzmann Equation Can Be Used to Calculate the Ion Distribution in Solution 1103.9 The Electrostatic Free Energy Is Composed of One Contribution from the Direct Charge–Charge Interaction and One Due to the Entropy of the Nonuniform Distribution of Ions in Solution 1204 Structure and Properties of Micelles 1294.1 Micelle Formation Is a Cooperative Association Process 1324.2 We Can Measure Critical Micelle Concentrations, Aggregation Number, Micelle Structure, and Characteristic Lifetimes by a Number of Methods 1424.3 Scattering Provides Very Useful Techniques for Studying Micellar Structure and Colloid Systems in General 1504.4 Micelles Is Formed by Surfactants with a Variety of Head Groups and Can Adopt Several Shapes 1604.5 Micelles Are Used to Solubilize Apolar Substances 1675 Forces in Colloidal Systems 1755.1 Electrostatic Double-layer Forces Are Long-ranged 1805.2 van der Waals Forces Are Dominated by Quantum Mechanical Dispersion Forces 1935.3 Electrostatic Interactions Generate Attractions by Correlations 2055.4 Measuring Surface Forces 2115.5 Density Variations Can Generate Attractive and Oscillatory Forces 2175.6 Entropy Effects Influence the Forces Between Liquid-like Surfaces 2265.7 The Strength of the Hydrophobic Interaction Shows an Unexpected Temperature Dependence 2295.8 Hydrodynamic Interactions Influence the Dynamic Properties of Colloidal Systems 2356 Bilayer Systems 2416.1 Bilayers Show a Rich Variation with Respect to Local Chemical Structure and Global Folding 2446.2 Bilayers Can Adopt Many Different Global Structures 2546.3 Transport Across Bilayers Can Be Accomplished in Several Different Ways 2626.4 The Lipid Bilayer Supports a Range of Central Metabolic Processes in the Living Cell 2707 Polymers in Colloidal Systems 2817.1 Single Polymer Chains Feature a Variety of Conformations in Solution 2857.2 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Polymer Solutions Change Dramatically When Coils Overlap at Higher Concentrations 2967.3 Polymers May Associate to Form a Variety of Structures 3047.4 Polymers at Surfaces Play an Important Role in Colloidal Systems 3098 Colloidal Stability 3198.1 Colloidal Stability Involves Both Thermodynamic and Kinetic Factors 3228.2 The DLVO Theory Provides a Basic Framework for Thinking About Kinetic Colloidal Stability 3258.3 Kinetics of Aggregation Allow Us to Predict How Fast Colloidal Systems Will Coagulate 3338.4 Electrokinetic Phenomena Are Used to Determine Zeta Potentials of Charged Surfaces and Particles 3449 Colloidal Sols 3559.1 Colloidal Sols Can Be Formed by Dispersion, Precipitation, or Chemical Synthesis 3589.2 Colloidal Particles Acquire Surface Charges by Specific Ion Adsorption 3629.3 Clays Are Colloidal Sols Whose Surface Charge Density Reflects the Chemistry of Their Crystal Structure 3669.4 Polymer and Lipid-based Particles Can Be Made To Serve a Number of Purposes 3699.5 Aerosols Involve Particles in the Gas Phase 37310 Phase Equilibria, Phases, and Their Applications 38310.1 Phase Diagrams Depicting Colloidal Systems Are Generally Richer Than Those for Molecular Systems 38610.2 Examples Illustrate the Importance of Phase Equilibria for Colloidal Systems 39710.3 We Obtain an Understanding of the Factors That Determine Phase Equilibria by Calculating Phase Diagrams 40510.4 Continuous Phase Transitions Can Be Described by Critical Exponents 42011 Microemulsions, Emulsions, and Foams 42711.1 Amphiphiles Form a Semiflexible Elastic Film at Interfaces 43011.2 Microemulsions Are Thermodynamically Stable Isotropic Solutions That Display a Range of Self-assembly Structures 43311.3 Macroemulsions Consist of Drops of One Liquid in Another 44411.4 Foams Consist of Gas Bubbles Dispersed in a Liquid or Solid Medium 45912 Epilogue 46912.1 Colloid Science Has Changed from a Reductionistic to a Holistic Perspective During the Twentieth Century 46912.2 Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Mechanics, and Thermodynamics Provide the Conceptual Basis for Describing the Equilibrium Properties of the Colloidal Domain 47112.3 Intramolecular, Intermolecular, and Surface Forces Determine the Equilibrium Properties and Structure of Colloidal Systems 47312.4 Crucial Interplay Between the Organizing Energy and the Randomizing Entropy Governs the Colloidal World 47412.5 The Dynamic Properties of a Colloidal System Arise from a Combination of the Thermal Brownian Motion of the Individual Particles and the Collective Motion of the Media 476Index 479