Cleaning with Solvents: Science and Technology
Inbunden, Engelska, 2014
Av John Durkee
2 519 kr
High-precision cleaning is required across a wide range of sectors, including aerospace, defense, medical device manufacturing, pharmaceutical processing, semiconductor/electronics, etc.
Cleaning parts and surfaces with solvents is simple, effective and low-cost. Although health and safety and environmental concerns come into play with the use of solvents, this book explores how safe and compliant solvent-based cleaning techniques can be implemented. A key to this is the selection of the right solvent. The author also examines a range of newer "green" solvent cleaning options.
This book supplies scientific fundamentals and practical guidance supported by real-world examples. Durkee explains the three principal methods of solvent selection: matching of solubility parameters, reduction of potential for smog formation, and matching of physical properties. He also provides guidance on the safe use of aerosols, wipe-cleaning techniques, solvent stabilization, economics, and many other topics.
A compendium of blend rules is included, covering the physical, chemical, and environmental properties of solvents.
- Three methods explained in detail for substitution of suitable solvents for those unsuitable for any reason: toxic solvents don't have to be tolerated; this volume explains how to do better
- Enables users to make informed judgments about their selection of cleaning solvents for specific applications, including solvent replacement decisions
- Explains how to plan and implement solvent cleaning systems that are effective, economical and compliant with regulations
Produktinformation
- Utgivningsdatum2014-01-30
- Mått189 x 246 x 43 mm
- Vikt1 680 g
- FormatInbunden
- SpråkEngelska
- Antal sidor780
- FörlagElsevier Science
- ISBN9781455731312
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- PrefaceAcknowledgmentsDisclaimerWhat You Can Do with This BookA Note on OrganizationUnits Used in This BookExternal References Cited in This BookChapter 1. Relationship of Solvent Properties to StructureAbstract1.1 Background1.2 The Elements of Cleaning Solvents1.3 The Incredible Shrinking Periodic Table1.4 A Solvent can be Elements Arranged in a Structure1.5 A Solvent can also be a Structure Populated with Additional Elements1.6 The Future of Solvent Design1.7 Specific Relationships of Composition and Structure to Solvent Properties1.8 Solvent Design is Multidimensional1.9 Solvent Design Goals1.10 Design of Non-Traditional Solvents1.11 Solvent SelectionChapter 2. Solubility Scales (Parameters)Abstract2.1 Absolute and Relative Information2.2 Molecular Soup2.3 May the Force(s) be With You2.4 Solubility Parameters2.5 Kauri Butanol (Kb) Value2.6 Other Measures of Solvency2.7 Hildebrand Solubility Parameter2.8 Hansen Three-Dimensional Solubility Parameters2.9 Numerical Values of Hansen Solubility Parameters2.10 The Basic Approach – Comparison to Other MaterialsChapter 3. Solvent Selection for Specific TasksAbstract3.1 Background3.2 The Nature of Soils3.3 The Basic Approach to Solvent Selection3.4 This Author’s Approach3.5 Autopsy of Some Soils3.6 Food-Derived Residue3.7 Lubricants3.8 Greases3.9 Coolants or Hydraulic Fluids3.10 Polymer-Derived Residues3.11 Biological Residue(s)3.12 General Observations about Soils3.13 Use of Hansen Solubility Parameters in Solvent Selection3.14 Analysis for Specific Soil Components3.15 General Results from the Use of HSP3.16 Approach using Mixtures of Identified Soil Components3.17 Solvent Selection to Clean Collections of Soils3.18 Food-Derived Residue as a Soil Collection3.19 Soil Composition Really Doesn’t Matter3.20 Lubricants as a Soil Collection3.21 Grease as a Soil Collection3.22 Coolants or Hydraulic Fluids as a Soil Collection3.23 Polymer-Derived Residues as a Soil Collection3.24 Medical Residues as a Soil Collection3.25 A Summary of Lessons Concerning Cleaning Soil Composites3.26 Identification of the HSP Values of Industrial Soil Composites3.27 Working without Numbers—Use of the HSP without Soil Identification3.28 Limitations of HSP Separation (RA) for Good Solvent Cleaning Performance3.29 About Cleaning of All Soils3.30 The Effect of Normal Boiling Temperature3.31 Vapor Degreasing vs. Cold Cleaning3.32 HSP for Vapor Degreasing vs. Cold CleaningChapter 4. SHE Management (Solvent Substitution)Abstract4.1 Background4.2 Why Substitute Solvents?4.3 REACH for the Stars4.4 Becoming Globally Harmonized4.5 Game Playing4.6 The Key Element in Successful Solvent Substitution4.7 What’s Important in Solvent Substitution?4.8 Examples of Practical Solvent Substitution4.9 Substitute Solvents for Trichloroethylene4.10 Enclosed Cleaning Machines4.11 Solvent Substitution and Use in Non-US Countries4.12 Summary: Solvent Substitution4.13 The Right to Know4.14 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS)4.15 The Superfund4.16 Exposure Limits4.17 Future Impact of SHE RegulationChapter 5. Toxicology of Cleaning SolventsAbstract5.1 Background5.2 Sources of Information5.3 A Prime Substitute for an MSDS5.4 Specific Hazard Information5.5 Analysis of Hazard Ratings5.6 Odor as a Protective Way to Avoid Toxicological HazardsChapter 6. The VOC Exemption GameAbstract6.1 Background6.2 The Object of the Game6.3 US VOC Definition6.4 History of VOC Regulation in the US6.5 Estimation(s) of Atmospheric Reactivity6.6 The Meaning of Atmospheric Reactivity6.7 Numerical Values of MIR for Cleaning Solvents6.8 MIR Values within Solvent Types6.9 Comparison of Ozone Generation by Solvent Type6.10 Selection of Low VOC Solvents by Structure and Type6.11 Game Winners! VOC Exempt Solvents6.12 The Usable Winners6.13 Those Who Wish to Play: Applicants for VOC Exemption6.14 Other Countries—Games with Different Rules6.15 Volatility and Reactivity Don’t Intersect6.16 An Immodest ProposalChapter 7. Economics of Solvent UseAbstract7.1 Background7.2 Transition from Then to Now7.3 Solvent Price vs. Solvent “Power7.4 Prices of Families of Similar Solvents7.5 Solvent Prices7.6 Management of Cleaning Solvents7.7 The US Resource Recovery and Conservation Act (RCRA)7.8 The Property of Overkill7.9 Size Does Matter7.10 Getting There is Not Half the Fun7.11 Unnatural Selection7.12 Treatment/Disposal of Cleaning Wastes7.13 About “My Solvent7.14 The Third Requirement of Hazardous Waste Generators (On-Site Treatment)7.15 Economics of On-Site Waste Treatment7.16 Chemical Management Services7.17 Chemical Leasing7.18 A Case of NeedChapter 8. Solvent AzeotropesAbstract8.1 Background8.2 About SHE-Driven Change8.3 Binary Azeotropes8.4 Methodology for Choosing Replacement Azeotropic Solvent Blends8.5 Specific Replacements8.6 Binary Azeotropes Totally VOC Exempt (in US)8.7 Binary Azeotropes Containing Water8.8 Binary Azeotropes to Replace Other Solvents: Summary8.9 Use of Azeotropes vs. Non-Azeotropic Blends in Solvent Cleaning8.10 Commercial Solvent Blends for Immersion CleaningChapter 9. Wipe Cleaning with SolventsAbstract9.1 Background9.2 Who Does Wipe Cleaning?9.3 Why Do Wipe Cleaning?9.4 Roles of the Solvent in Wipe Cleaning9.5 Freon (CFC-113)—The Perfect Wipe Solvent9.6 HCFC-225ca/cb—the Imperfect Wipe Cleaning Solvent9.7 HFEs/HFCs/OSs—Partially Perfect Wipe Cleaning Solvents9.8 Wipe Cleaning Solvents Based on Commodity Chemicals9.9 Wipe Cleaning Solvents Based on Slowly Evaporating Commodity Solvents9.10 Water-Based Wipe Cleaning Solvents9.11 Multi-Component Wipe Clean Solvents9.12 The Option to “Roll Your Own Wipe Clean Solvent9.13 The No-Compromise Wipe Cleaning Solvent9.14 The Joy of Compatibility9.15 The Plan to Manage Use of Wipe Clean Solvents9.16 The Necessity for Compromise9.17 Solvent Selection for Wipe Cleaning9.18 Paint Stripping by Wipe Cleaning9.19 Relief from ResiduesChapter 10. Cleaning with Solvent AerosolsAbstract10.1 Background10.2 The Perfect Aerosol-Dispensed Solvent Product10.3 Any Aerosol—How It’s Produced10.4 The Aerosol Can Clean, But in a Different Way10.5 The Aerosol Can10.6 Marketing 10110.7 General Applications for Aerosol Cleaning10.8 The Secret Ingredient (Two Chlorine Atoms)10.9 Properties of Commercial Aerosol-Delivered Solvent Products10.10 A Flammable Aerosol—Defined10.11 The Meaning of Explosive Limits10.12 Prevention of the Ignition of Aerosols10.13 Selection of Commercial Blends for Minimum Flammability Risk10.14 Ignition Safety of Aerosols: Summary10.15 Hazards Unrelated to Flammability of Aerosols10.16 Cleaning Potential with Commercial Blends of Aerosol-Delivered Solvents10.16 Differentiation among Blends10.17 SummaryChapter 11. Stabilization of SolventsAbstract11.1 Background11.2 The Nature of Solvent Stabilization11.3 The Perfect Solvent11.4 Reaction Pathways of Solvent Degradation11.5 The Instability of Stabilization11.6 Illustration of Degradation11.7 A General Method of Solvent Stabilization11.8 Removal of Water11.9 Design of Stabilizer Packages11.10 Specific Stabilizer Materials11.11 Formulation of Stabilizer Packages11.12 Problems with Use of Stabilizer Packages11.13 Misconceptions about Stabilizer Packages11.14 Recommended Control Strategies11.15 A Non-Recommended Control Strategy11.16 Acid Acceptance Testing11.17 Stabilizer Booster Packages11.18 Opinions11.19 Learn From Others11.20 Composition of Commercial Stabilizer Packages11.21 Stabilization of Non-Halogenated Solvents11.22 In Times of Stress11.23 Some SimplicityChapter 12. Solvent Cleaning: Questions and AnswersAbstract12.1 Background12.2 Why is Solvent Cleaning Preferred?12.3 why isn’t Aqueous Cleaning Technology Preferred?12.4 Which is More Hazardous, Solvent or Aqueous Technology?12.5 Is There a Future for Solvent Cleaning in the Us Despite More Restrictive Regulations?12.6 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA) was the “Right Solvent Prior to the 1990s; Which One is Now?12.7 Solvent Technology Seems to be Widely Opposed as “Toxic. How can One Get Unbiased Advice?12.8 Why are Cleaning Solvents Priced so High?12.9 Why are Cleaning Solvents Produced in China Priced so Cheaply?12.10 Are Cleaning Solvents Imported from China of Acceptable Quality?12.11 Why is there so Much Secrecy in Cleaning Technology?12.12 Why do Prices for Cleaning Solvents Vary so much Among Suppliers?12.13 Are Offerings from Suppliers of Cleaning Solvents Interchangeable?12.14 Why are Solvents not Now Recognized as Cleaning Solvents Described Here?12.15 About odor Thresholds: Some Workers find the odor of Organic Cleaning Solvents Objectionable. What Should be Done?12.16 Is any Firm Seeking to Develop New Cleaning Solvents?12.17 Does the Selling Price of Cleaning Solvents Really Matter?12.18 What is “Fire Point? How is it Different from Flash Point? should I Care?12.19 How is One to Select a Supplier of Cleaning Solvents (and Equipment)?12.20 If I Convert to a Cleaning Solvent Rated “Combustible, How am I to Dry the Parts?12.21 High Energy Prices Affect my Costs, How can that Burden be Reduced?12.22 How is Cleaning Done in Remanufacturing Operations Different from that Done in Manufacturing Operations?Group A. Basic InformationIntroductionAppendix A1. Basic Data about Cleaning SolventsAppendix A2. Estimation of Properties of Solvent BlendsA Blend CompositionsB Hansen Solubility Parameters of BlendsC Liquid Density of BlendsD Liquid Viscosity of BlendsE Heat of Vaporization of BlendsF Surface Tension of BlendsG Exposure Limits of BlendsH Molecular Weight of BlendsI Composite Vapor PressureJ Activity Coefficients of BlendsK Flash Points of BlendsL Lower Explosion (Flammability) Limits of Blend ComponentsM Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR)N Lower Explosion (Flammability) Limits of BlendsO Relative Evaporation Rate (RER) of BlendsWorking ExamplesAppendix A3. Derivation of Blend Rule for Solubility ParametersAppendix A4. Compatibility of Wipe Cleaning Solvents with Surface Materials and Protective Gloves (With Database)A Harmful Effects of Solvents on Surface MaterialsB Differences between Machine and Wipe CleaningC Solvent/Surface Compatibility DatabaseD DESCRIPTION OF THE DATABASEE Reorganization of the Database to Focus on Specific SurfacesF ElastomersG PlasticsH MetalsI Glove MaterialsJ Use of these AppendicesAppendix A5. Management of Flow of Cleaning Solvents to Wet Surfaces (The Wettability Index and the Dimensionless Ohnesorge Number)A Flow of FluidsB Restricted Fluid FlowC Physical PropertiesD Solvents are FluidsE The Wetting IndexF Limitations of the Wetting IndexG Dimensionless NumbersH The Ohnesorge NumberI Meanings of the Ohnesorge NumberJ Mechanisms Associated with the Ohnesorge NumberK Use of the Ohnesorge NumberL SummaryGroup B. Reduction of Ozone Formation by VOCsIntroductionAppendix B1. Chemistry of Atmospheric Reactions of VOCs Leading to SmogA Overall SummaryB Combustion-Related Smog (CRS)C Chemistry of CRSD Smog Formed with VOCs (Photochemical Smog)E Distribution of Nitrogen Oxides AffectS Ozone FormationF Reactions and Removal of Free RadicalsG Reactivity Metrics (MIR)H Reactivity Metrics (kOH)I SummaryAppendix B2. Calculation of MIR through Group Contribution MethodsA The Leveling Effect of MaximizationB Prediction of MIR through Group Contribution AnalysisC ResultsD The Anomaly!E Application of ResultsF SummaryGroup C. Solubility ParametersAppendix C1. Optimization Method for Determination of Solubility ParametersA Methodology of an OptimizationA.1 Definition of CorrectnessA.2 Mathematical Criteria to Define an OptimumA.3 Method of Variation of ParametersAppendix C2. Estimation of Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) from Binary Data—PESA Example Data for Parameter EvaluationB Estimation of HSP Using Binary Data—Polyethersulfone Polymer (PES)Appendix C3. Estimation of HSP from Multilevel Data—BitumenA Optimization of HSP for BitumenB Bitumen is Similar to a SoilC Hansen Solubility Parameters are Not Legal TenderAppendix C4. Estimation of HSP from Solvent MixturesA Selection of Cleaning SolventsB Post-Experimental Analysis for ConsistencyC Photoresist Materials (Soils)D Analysis of PR1 Cleaning TestsE Analysis of Unexpected Solvency PerformanceF Local VS. Global OptimaG When a Picture May Not be Worth Any WordsH Evaluation of Cold Cleaning with another PhotoresistI Rate ProcessesAppendix C5. Estimation of HSP from CorrelationsA Estimation of HSP via CorrelationsB Estimation of the Disperse Solubility ParameterC Estimation of the Polar Solubility ParameterAppendix C6. Estimation of HSP using the “Pythagorean TheoremA Estimation of All HSP using The “Pythagorean TheoremAppendix C7. Estimation of HSP from an Equation of StateA Two Fundamental Building BlocksB Implementation of the FundamentalsC Calculated Outcomes vs. Accepted HSP ValuesD Analysis of OutcomesE SummaryAppendix C8. Estimation of HSP from Group Contribution MethodsA Relationship to Other MethodsB About Group Contribution MethodsC Group Contribution Methods for Hansen Solubility ParametersD The Method of Stefanis and PanayiotouE Application of the Stefanis Panayiotou MethodF A Specific ExampleG Use of Group Contribution Methods for HSP via Neural NetworksH Comparison of Estimation Methods for HSPI The Critical Flaw in All Group Contribution Systems for Solubility Parameters: Group IdentificationAppendix C9. Estimation of HSP for Soil MixturesA Reasons for Determination of HSP by Solubility ExperimentsB Methods for Solvent Selection with HSP via Solubility ExperimentsC Methods of Determining Solubility/InsolubilityD Determination of HSP for Soil Materials: SummaryAppendix C10. Hoy Solubility ParametersA Other Solubility ParametersB Hoy Solubility ParametersC Calculation of the Hoy Total Solubility ParameterD Fractionation by Hoy of His Total Solubility ParameterE The Aggregation NumberF Calculation of the Polar Attraction Constant (FP)G Calculation of Hoy's Hydrogen Bonding Solubility ParameterH Calculation of Hoy's Polar Solubility ParameterI Calculation of Hoy's Disperse Solubility ParameterJ Calculated Results of Hoy Solubility ParametersK Group Contribution Constants Used to Produce Hoy Solubility ParametersL Unique Advantages of the Hoy Solubility ParametersM Hoy Solubility Parameters from Functional Group AnalysisN Non-Interchangeability of Functional GroupsO Hoy Solubility Parameters of PolymersP Equivalence of Hoy and Hansen Solubility ParametersQ Hoy Solubility Parameters for Non-Polymeric SoilsR Choice of Systems of Solubility ParametersAppendix C11. Values of Hansen Solubility Parameters for Solvents, Soils, and PolymersA Hansen Solubility Parameter Data About Cleaning SolventsB Hansen Solubility Parameter Data About Soil ComponentsC Hansen Solubility Parameter Data About Polymeric MaterialsAppendix C12. The Teas GraphA Fractional Solubility Parameters (the Teas Graph)B How to Use the Teas GraphC A Limitation of the Teas GraphD A Crucial Flaw of the Teas GraphGroup D. Solvent SubstitutionIntroductionAppendix D1. Examples and Methodology of Solvent SubstitutionA VOC Exemption in Aerospace Wipe CleaningB No Change in Time to Complete DrynessC Improved Flammability RatingsD Substitution for TrichloroethyleneE Substitution for BenzeneF Substitution for Methylene ChlorideG Substitution for PerchloroethyleneH Substitution for Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)I Substitution for CFC-113 as a Wipe Clean SolventJ Selection Based on Evaporation RateK Selection Based on Surface TensionL The Missing Unit OperationM Solvent Substitution Examples: SummaryAppendix D2. Examples of Solvent Substitution to Achieve VOC ReductionA BackgroundB Approaches for Solvent Substitution Based on Minimization of MIR ValuesC Substitution for TrichloroethyleneIndex