Chumash World at European Contact

Lynn H. Gamble is Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara

• Preface 1. The Chumash at Historic Contact 1 Significance of Research 3 Overview of the Chumash 6 Development of Chumash Sociopolitical Complexity 9 Theoretical Considerations 11 2. The Environment and Its Management 17 Resources in the Santa Barbara Channel Region 19 The Chumash as Environmental Managers 32 Environmental Changes During the Historic Period 33 3. Cultural Setting 37 Early Documents 38 Archaeological Research on the Mainland 42 Social Sphere of the Chumash 54 Economic Networks 60 Chiefs and Power 62 4. Historic Chumash Settlements on the Mainland Coast 65 Population Figures for the Chumash 65 Noqto 70 Shilimaqshtush 74 Shisholop Town 75 Texax 76 Kashtayit 76 'Onomyo 77 Tajiguas 78 Qasil 78 Dos Pueblos: Mikiw and Kuya'mu 80 Goleta Slough Settlements 84 Syuxtun 93 Shalawa 96 Q'oloq' 97 Mishopshno 97 Shuku 100 Shisholop Settlement 102 Muwu 104 Lisiqishi 107 Sumo 107 Lojostogni 108 Humaliwo 108 Summary 109 5. Village and Household Organization 113 Ethnohistoric and Ethnographic Descriptions of Village Organization and Structures 114 Archaeological Evidence for Village Organization and Structures 126 Evidence for Production and Consumption at the Household and Village Level 149 6. Subsistence and Feasting 151 Dietary Overview 152 Gender Roles 178 Feasting 179 Colonial Influence and the Persistence of Native Traditions 187 Summary 189 7. Rank, Ritual, and Power 191 Ethnohistoric and Ethnographic Perspectives on Chiefs, Elites, and Commoners 192 Mortuary Symbolism, Rank and Religious Power 201 Religious Power 213 Gender 216 Manifestations of Power 219 8. Economics and Exchange: Manifestations of Wealth Finance 223 Contexts of Exchange 224 Shell Beads as Indicators of Wealth and Rank 229 Theoretical Considerations Concerning Chumash Exchange 234 Significance of Canoes 235 Centers of Exchange 239 Prestige Goods and Wealth Finance 243 Network Power and Social Storage 247 9. Conflict and Social Integration 249 Evidence for Warfare in Ethnohistoric and Ethnographic Accounts 250 Bioarchaeological Evidence of Violence at Historic Contact 261 Mechanisms of Social Integration 264 Methods of Social Control 266 Theoretical Perspectives on Chumash Warfare at Historic Contact 269 10. The Chumash, Pomo, and Patwin: Comparative Analysis and Final Thoughts 275 Complex Hunter-Gatherers: The Chumash Example 276 Resource Abundance and Sociopolitical Complexity 277 Power Strategies of the Chumash 279 Network Power 280 Emergent Complexity and the Relationship of the Island and Mainland Chumash 283 Sociopolitical Complexity among Hunter-Gatherers in California 287 Future Studies of Complex Hunter-Gatherers 301 Notes 303 References 309 Index 351

"In this masterful combination of empirical research, controlled comparison, and attention to contemporary theories regarding the social formations of hunger-gatherers, Gamble has contributed an authoritative, richly documented and illustrated synthesis of this fascinating time and place in protohistoric California." -- W. S. Simmons Choice "An important book... One of the most vivid and sophisticated studies of any Indian group in North America at the point of their first sustained contact with Europeans." -- Steven W. Hackel Journal Of American History "Gamble's careful scholarship makes this text a fine template to be followed." Journal Of World History "Gamble presents a significant contribution, both descriptively and methodologically, that will be of interest to a wide variety of anthropologists, sociologists, historians, and other researchers in California and around the world." -- Todd J. Braje American Anthropologist