Child Development Worldwide

Lene Arnett Jense n is Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. She received her Ph.D. in developmental psychology in 1994 from the University of Chicago, and did a one-year postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California — Berkeley. Prior to coming to Clark University, she taught at the University of Missouri and Catholic University of America.She aims through scholarship and professional collaboration to move the discipline of psychology toward understanding development both in terms of what is universal and what is cultural. She terms this a “cultural-developmental approach.” Her research addresses moral development and cultural identity formation. Together with her students, she has conducted research in countries such as Denmark, India, Thailand, Turkey, and the United States. Her publications include New Horizons in Developmental Theory and Research (2005, with Reed Larson, Jossey-Bass/Wiley), I mmigrant Civic Engagement: New Translations (2008, with Constance Flanagan, Taylor-Francis), Bridging Cultural and Developmental Psychology: New Syntheses for Theory, Research and Policy (2011, Oxford University Press), the Oxford Handbook of Human Development and Culture (2015, Oxford University Press), Moral Development in a Global World: Research from a Cultural-Developmental Perspective (2015, Cambridge University Press), and the Oxford Handbook of Moral Development (forthcoming, Oxford University Press).From 2004 to 2015, she was editor-in-chief for the journal New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (with Reed Larson). She served as program chair for the 2012 biennial conference of the Society for Research on Adolescence (with Xinyin Chen), and recently served on awards committees for the Society for Research on Child Development (SRCD) and the Society for Research on Adolescence (SRA). For additional information, please see lenearnettjensen.com.Jeffrey Jensen Arnet t is a Research Professor in the Department of Psychology at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. He received his Ph.D. in developmental psychology in 1986 from the University of Virginia, and did three years of postdoctoral work at the University of Chicago. From 1992–1998 he was Associate Professor in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of Missouri, where he taught a 300-student lifespan human development course every semester. In the fall of 2005, he was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. His primary scholarly interest for the past 20 years has been in emerging adulthood. He coined the term, and he has conducted research on emerging adults concerning a wide variety of topics, involving several different ethnic groups in American society. He is the Founding President and Executive Director of the Society for the Study of Emerging Adulthood (SSEA; www.ssea.org). From 2005 to 2014 he was the editor of the Journal of Adolescent Research, and currently he is on the Editorial Board of JAR and five other journals. He has published many theoretical and research papers on emerging adulthood in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the books Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach (2018, 6th edition, Pearson), and Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties (2015, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press). For more information on Dr. Arnett and his research, see jeffreyarnett.com. Lene and Jeff live in Worcester, Massachusetts with their twins, Miles and Paris.

• Table of Contents Child Development Worldwide: Who, How, and Why 1.1 A Worldwide Profile of Humanity Today1.2 Humans: The Cultural and Global Species1.3 The Field of Child Development: Emergence and Expansion1.4 How We Study Child Development1.5 Why We Study Child Development WorldwideCULTURAL FOCUS: Niger and the Netherlands: An Up-Close Look at the Demographic DivideEDUCATION FOCUS: Falling Behind? College Graduation in the United StatesRESEARCH FOCUS: Darwin’s Diary: A Case StudyGenetics and Prenatal Development 2.1 Genetic Basics2.2 Genes and the Environment2.3 Genes and Individual Development2.4 Prenatal Development2.5 Prenatal Brain Development2.6 Prenatal Care2.7 Pregnancy ProblemsCULTURAL FOCUS: Pregnancy and Prenatal Care Across CulturesEDUCATION FOCUS: Biology, Sexism, and Educational ExclusionRESEARCH FOCUS: Adopted Twin Studies: The Story of Oskar and JackBirth and the Newborn Child 3.1 The Stages of Birth3.2 Birth Across Times and Places3.3 The Neonate’s Health3.4 The Neonate’s Physical and Perceptual Functioning3.5 Caring for the Neonate: Is Breast Best?3.6 Social and Emotional Aspects of Care for the Neonate and MotherCULTURAL FOCUS: Breast-Feeding Practices Across CulturesEDUCATION FOCUS: Getting a Better Start in Life: Improving the First Learning EnvironmentRESEARCH FOCUS: Breast-Feeding Benefits: Separating Correlation and CausationPhysical Development and Health 4.1 Bodily Growth and Change4.2 Motor Development and Physical Functioning4.3 Health and Sleep4.4 Health and Nutrition4.5 Preventing Mortality: Diseases and InjuriesCULTURAL FOCUS: Is Contemporary American Culture Setting off a Genetic Tripwire for Obesity?EDUCATION FOCUS: Physical Education: A Brain Tonic for ChildrenRESEARCH FOCUS: Graduated Driver LicensingCognition: Stages, Processes, and Social Learning 5.1 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development5.2 Post-Piagetian Approaches to Cognitive Development5.3 Information-Processing Approaches5.4 Social Cognition5.5 Sociocultural Theories of Cognitive DevelopmentCULTURAL FOCUS: Object Permanence Across CulturesEDUCATION FOCUS: Bringing Theories of Cognitive Development into the ClassroomRESEARCH FOCUS: Spontaneous Response Tasks and Theory of MindLearning Languages 6.1 Languages in Today’s World6.2 Evolutionary and Biological Bases of Language6.3 Theories of Language Development6.4 First Sounds and Words6.5 From First Words to Cultural Competence6.6 MultilingualismCULTURAL FOCUS: Cultural Views on Speaking to Infants and ToddlersEDUCATION FOCUS: Early Multilingual Education Across ContextsRESEARCH FOCUS: Observing Everyday StorytellingEmotions, Self, and Identity 7.1 Temperament: Individual Differences in Emotion and Self-Regulation7.2 Emotions7.3 Self-Conceptualization7.4 Self-Esteem7.5 IdentityCULTURAL FOCUS: The Features of Emerging AdulthoodEDUCATION FOCUS: Praise, Motivation, and Academic AchievementRESEARCH FOCUS: Measuring TemperamentGender: Biology, Socialization, and Cultural Change 8.1 Development of a Gendered Self8.2 Gender in Traditional Cultures8.3 Gender Comparisons in Developed Countries8.4 Reasons for Gender Differences: Theories and Research8.5 Beyond the Binary8.6 Globalization and the Future of GenderCULTURAL FOCUS: Gender Among LatinasEDUCATION FOCUS: Gender in the Preschool and Primary School ClassroomRESEARCH FOCUS: Meta-Analyses of Gender DifferencesFamily Relationships: Foundations and Variations 9.1 The First Social Relationship: Two Theories9.2 Attachment to Parents9.3 The Parent-Child Relationship9.4 Problems in the Parent-Child Relationship9.5 Siblings and Grandparents9.6 Changing FamiliesCULTURAL FOCUS: Stranger Anxiety Across CulturesEDUCATION FOCUS: Enhancing Attachment in Child Welfare InstitutionsRESEARCH FOCUS: Early Child Care and Its ConsequencesPeers, Friends, and Romantic Partners 10.1 Social Contexts Beyond the Family: Two Theories10.2 Play with Peers and Friends10.3 Peers10.4 Friends10.5 Problem Behaviors Among Friends10.6 Romantic PartnersCULTURAL FOCUS: Friendship and Play in Middle Childhood Across CulturesEDUCATION FOCUS: School Intervention Programs for Rejected ChildrenRESEARCH FOCUS: Shyness in China and Canada: Cultural InterpretationsSchool and Work: Developing Cultural Skills 11.1 Preschool11.2 From Primary Education to Tertiary Education11.3 School and Other Contexts11.4 Intelligence Tests and School Readiness11.5 WorkCULTURAL FOCUS: Primary School Across CulturesEDUCATION FOCUS: School ClimateRESEARCH FOCUS: The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Creating a MeasurementMedia: Uses, Risks, and Benefits 12.1 Media Prevalence12.2 Media and Other Contexts of Socialization12.3 Theories of Media Influence12.4 Uses of Media12.5 Risks of Media12.6 Benefits of Media12.7 Globalization and MediaCULTURAL FOCUS: “Teenagers” in Kathmandu, NepalEDUCATION FOCUS: Panwapa: An International Multimedia Educational ProgramRESEARCH FOCUS: Ethiopian Children Receive LaptopsMeaning Systems: Moral, Religious, and Civic Development 13.1 Moral Development: Emotions and Socialization13.2 Moral Development: Reasoning and Identity13.3 Religious and Spiritual Development13.4 Civic Development13.5 Political Conflict and Extremism13.6 Values in Today’s and Tomorrow’s WorldCULTURAL FOCUS: Religion in the Lives of African American AdolescentsEDUCATION FOCUS: Schools as Civic InstitutionsRESEARCH FOCUS: Beyond Deficiency: Civic Development in Immigrant Youth