Chemical Principles

Steve Zumdahl is the author of market-leading textbooks in introductory chemistry, general chemistry, honors-level chemistry, and high school chemistry. Recently retired from his long-time position as Director of Undergraduate Programs at the University of Illinois, he has received numerous awards for his contributions to chemical education. These include the National Catalyst Award in recognition of his contribution to chemical education, the University of Illinois Teaching Award, the UIUC Liberal Arts and Sciences Advising Award, and the School of Chemical Sciences Teaching Award (five times). He earned his B.S. in Chemistry from Wheaton College (IL), and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois.

• Note: Each chapter concludes with Exercises.1. Chemists and Chemistry1.1 Thinking Like a Chemist1.2 A Real-World Chemistry Problem1.3 The Scientific Method1.4 Industrial Chemistry1.5 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Real-World Chemistry2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions2.1 The Early History of Chemistry2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws2.3 Dalton's Atomic Theory2.4 Cannizzaro's Interpretation2.5 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom2.6 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction2.7 Molecules and Ions2.8 An Introduction to the Periodic Table2.9 Naming Simple Compounds3. Stoichiometry3.1 Atomic Masses3.2 The Mole3.3 Molar Mass3.4 Percent Composition of Compounds3.5 Determining the Formula of a Compound3.6 Chemical Equations3.7 Balancing Chemical Equations3.8 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products3.9 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant4. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry4.1 Water, the Common Solvent4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes4.3 The Composition of Solutions4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions4.5 Precipitation Reactions4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution4.7 Selective Precipitation4.8 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions4.9 Acid-Base Reactions4.10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions4.11 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations4.12 Simple Oxidation-Reduction Titrations5. Gases5.1 Early Experiments5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro5.3 The Ideal Gas Law5.4 Gas Stoichiometry5.5 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases5.7 Effusion and Diffusion5.8 Collisions of Gas Particles with the Container Walls5.9 Intermolecular Collisions5.10 Real Gases5.11 Characteristics of Several Real Gases5.12 Chemistry in the Atmosphere6. Chemical Equilibrium6.1 The Equilibrium Condition6.2 The Equilibrium Constant6.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures6.4 The Concept of Activity6.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria6.6 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant6.7 Solving Equilibrium Problems6.8 Le Châtelier's Principle6.9 Equilibria Involving Real Gases7. Acids and Bases7.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases7.2 Acid Strength7.3 The pH Scale7.4 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions7.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions7.6 Bases7.7 Polyprotic Acids7.8 Acid-Base Properties of Salts7.9 Acid Solutions in Which Water Contributes to the H+ Concentration7.10 Strong Acid Solutions in Which Water Contributes to the H+ Concentration7.11 Strategy for Solving Acid-Base Problems: A Summary8. Applications of Aqueous Equilibria8.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion8.2 Buffered Solutions8.3 Exact Treatment of Buffered Solutions8.4 Buffer Capacity8.5 Titrations and pH Curves8.6 Acid-Base Indicators8.7 Titration of Polyprotic Acids8.8 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product8.9 Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis8.10 Complex Ion Equilibria9. Energy, Enthalpy, and Thermochemistry9.1 The Nature of Energy9.2 Enthalpy9.3 Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases9.4 Calorimetry9.5 Hess's Law9.6 Standard Enthalpies of Formation9.7 Present Sources of Energy9.8 New Energy Sources10. Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy10.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy10.2 The Isothermal Expansion and Compression of an Ideal Gas10.3 The Definition of Entropy10.4 Entropy and Physical Changes10.5 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics10.6 The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity10.7 Free Energy10.8 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions10.9 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions10.10 The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure10.11 Free Energy and Equilibrium10.12 Free Energy and Work10.13 Reversible and Irreversible Processes: A Summary10.14 Adiabatic Processes11. Electrochemistry11.1 Galvanic Cells11.2 Standard Reduction Potentials11.3 Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy11.4 Dependence of the Cell Potential on Concentration1