Broadband Access

Wireline and Wireless - Alternatives for Internet Services

Inbunden, Engelska, 2014

Av Steven Gorshe, Arvind Raghavan, Thomas Starr, Stefano Galli, Gorshe

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Written by experts in the field, this book provides an overview of all forms of broadband subscriber access networks and technology, including fiber optics, DSL for phone lines, DOCSIS for coax, power line carrier, and wireless. Each technology is described in depth, with a discussion of key concepts, historical development, and industry standards. The book contains comprehensive coverage of all broadband access technologies, with a section each devoted to fiber-based technologies, non-fiber wired technologies, and wireless technologies. The four co-authors’ breadth of knowledge is featured in the chapters comparing the relative strengths, weaknesses, and prognosis for the competing technologies.Key Features: Covers the physical and medium access layers (OSI Layer 1 and 2), with emphasis on access transmission technologyCompares and contrasts all recent and emerging wired and wireless standards for broadband access in a single referenceIllustrates the technology that is currently being deployed by network providers, and also the technology that has recently been or will soon be standardized for deployment in the coming years, including vectoring, wavelength division multiple access, CDMA, OFDMA, and MIMOContains detailed discussion on the following standards: 10G-EPON, G-PON, XG-PON, VDSL2, DOCSIS 3.0, DOCSIS Protocol over EPON, power line carrier, IEEE 802.11 WLAN/WiFi, UMTS/HSPA, LTE, and LTE-Advanced

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2014-05-07
Mått178 x 254 x 27 mm
Vikt844 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor448
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9780470741801

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Elektronik och kommunikationer inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Dr Steven Gorshe, PMC-Sierra, Inc., USASteven Gorshe received his B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Idaho in 1979 and his M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees from Oregon State University in 1982 and 2002.Dr Arvind Raghavan, AT&T Labs, Inc., USAArvind Raghavan is a Principal Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Labs.Mr Thomas Starr, AT&T Labs, Inc., USAThomas Starr holds a MS degree in Computer Science and a BS degree in Computer Engineering from the University of Illinois in Urbana.Dr Stefano Galli, Panasonic, USAStefano Galli received his M.S. degree and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Rome "La Sapienza" (Italy) in 1994 and 1998, respectively.

About the Authors xvAcknowledgments xviiList of Abbreviations and Acronyms xix1 Introduction to Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 A Brief History of the Access Network 21.3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 31.3.1 DSL Technologies and Their Evolution 31.3.2 DSL System Technologies 51.4 Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable (HFC) 51.5 Power Line Communications (PLC) 61.6 Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 71.7 Wireless Broadband Access 101.8 Direct Point-to-Point Connections 12Appendix 1.A: Voiceband Modems 122 Introduction to Fiber Optic Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 152.1 Introduction 152.2 A Brief History of Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 162.3 Introduction to PON Systems 182.3.1 PON System Overview 182.3.2 PON Protocol Evolution 192.4 FITL Technology Considerations 212.4.1 Optical Components 212.4.2 Powering the Loop 222.4.3 System Power Savings 232.4.4 PON Reach Extension 252.5 Introduction to PON Network Protection 302.5.1 Background on Network Protection 312.5.2 PON Facility Protection 312.5.3 OLT Function Protection 352.5.4 ONU Protection 402.5.5 Conclusions Regarding Protection 422.6 Conclusions 42Appendix 2.A: Subscriber Power Considerations 43References 43Further Reading 433 IEEE Passive Optical Networks 453.1 Introduction 453.2 IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet-based PON (EPON) 453.2.1 EPON Physical Layer 463.2.2 Signal Formats 463.2.3 MAC Protocol 483.2.4 Encryption and Security 493.2.5 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 503.2.6 ONU Discovery and Activation 513.2.7 ONU Ranging Mechanism 523.2.8 EPON OAM 523.2.9 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 533.3 IEEE 802.3av 10Gbit/s Ethernet-based PON (10G EPON) 543.3.1 10G EPON Physical Layer 543.3.2 Signal Format 583.3.3 MAC Protocol 593.3.4 Forward Error Correction 593.3.5 ONU Discovery and Activation 613.3.6 ONU Ranging Mechanism 613.3.7 10G EPON OAM 613.3.8 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 613.4 Summary Comparison of EPON and 10G EPON 613.5 Transport of Timing and Synchronization over EPON and 10G EPON 613.6 Overview of the IEEE 1904.1 Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (SIEPON) 633.6.1 SIEPON MAC Functional Blocks 65 3.6.2 VLAN Support 673.6.3 Multicast Service 673.6.4 SIEPON Service Management 673.6.5 Performance Monitoring and Verification 693.6.6 SIEPON Service Availability 703.6.7 SIEPON Optical Link Protection 703.6.8 SIEPON Power Savings 703.6.9 SIEPON Security Mechanisms 713.6.10 SIEPON Management 713.7 ITU-T G.9801 Ethernet Passive Optical Networks using OMCI 713.8 Conclusions 71Appendix 3.A: 64B/66B Line Code 72References 75Further Readings 754 ITU-T/FSAN PON Protocols 774.1 Introduction 774.2 ITU-T G.983 Series B-PON (Broadband PON) 784.3 ITU-T G.984 Series G-PON (Gigabit-capable PON) 794.3.1 G-PON Physical Layer 794.3.2 G-PON Frame Formats 814.3.3 G-PON Encapsulation Method (GEM) 874.3.4 G-PON Multiplexing 914.3.5 Encryption and Security 924.3.6 Forward Error Correction 924.3.7 Protection Switching 944.3.8 ONU Activation 944.3.9 Ranging Mechanism 954.3.10 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 964.3.11 OAM Communication 974.3.12 Time of Day Distribution 974.3.13 G-PON Enhancements 1014.4 Next Generation PON (NG-PON) 1014.4.1 Introduction to G.987 series XG-PON (NG-PON1 – 10Gbit-capable PON) 1024.4.2 XG-PON Physical Layer 1024.4.3 XG-PON Transmission Convergence Layer and Frame Structures 1054.4.4 Forward Error Correction 1084.4.5 XG-PON Encapsulation Method (XGEM) 1094.4.6 XG-PON Management 1104.4.7 XG-PON Security 1104.4.8 NG-PON2 40 Gbit/s Capable PON 110Appendix 4.A: Summary Comparison of EPON and G-PON 112References 113Further Readings 1145 Optical Domain PON Technologies 1155.1 Introduction 1155.2 WDMA (Wavelength Division Multiple Access) PON 1155.2.1 Overview 1155.2.2 Technologies 1165.2.3 Applications 1205.3 CDMA PON 1205.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet 1225.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing and OFDM 1235.5.1 Introduction 1235.5.2 OFDMA PON 1235.6 Conclusions 125References 126Further Readings 1266 Hybrid Fiber Access Technologies 1276.1 Introduction and Background 1276.2 Evolution of DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) to Passive Optical Networks 1276.2.1 Introduction and Background 1276.2.2 DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE) 1286.2.3 Conclusions for DPoE 1356.3 Radio and Radio Frequency Signals over Fiber 1356.3.1 Radio over Fiber (RoF) 1366.3.2 Baseband Digital Radio Fiber Interfaces 1366.3.3 Radio Frequency over Glass (RFoG) 1386.4 IEEE 802.3bn Ethernet Protocol over Coaxial Cable (EPoC) 1406.5 Conclusions 140References 141Further Readings 1417 DSL Technology – Broadband via Telephone Lines 1437.1 Introduction to DSL 1437.2 DSL Compared to Other Access Technologies 1447.2.1 Security and Reliability 1447.2.2 Point-to-Point Versus Shared Access 1457.2.3 Common Facilities for Voice and DSL 1467.2.4 Bit-rate Capacity 1467.2.5 Hybrid Access 1467.2.6 Future Trends for DSL Access 1467.3 DSL Overview 1477.3.1 Voice-band Modems 1477.3.2 The DSL Concept 1477.3.3 DSL Terminology 1497.3.4 Introduction to DSL Types 1517.3.5 DSL Performance Improvement, Repeaters, and Bonding 1527.3.6 Splitters and Filters for Voice and Data 1537.3.7 Other Ways to Convey Voice and Data 1557.4 Transmission Channel and Impairments 1567.4.1 Signal Attenuation 1587.4.2 Bridged Taps 1597.4.3 Loading Coils 1627.4.4 Return Loss and Insertion Loss 1637.4.5 Balance 1637.4.6 Intersymbol Interference (ISI) 1637.4.7 Noise 1647.4.8 Transmission Channel Models 1707.5 DSL Transmission Techniques 1707.5.1 Duplexing 1707.5.2 Channel Equalization and Related Techniques 1717.5.3 Coding 172References 174Further Readings 1748 The Family of DSL Technologies 1758.1 ADSL 1758.1.1 G.lite 1768.1.2 ADSL2 and ADSL2plus 1778.1.3 ADSL1 and ADSL2plus Performance 1788.2 VDSL 1798.2.1 VDSL2 1818.2.2 VDSL2 Performance 1828.3 Basic Rate Interface ISDN 1848.4 HDSL, HDSL2, and HDLS4 1858.5 SHDSL 1858.6 G.fast (FTTC DSL) 187Reference 1889 Advanced DSL Techniques and Home Networking 1899.1 Repeaters and Bonding 1899.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) 1909.3 Vectored Transmission 1909.4 Home Networking 195References 195Further Readings 19510 DSL Standards 19710.1 Spectrum Management – ANSI T1.417 19710.2 G.hs – ITU-T Rec. G.994.1 19910.3 PLOAM – ITU-T Rec. G.997.1 20010.4 G.bond – ITU-T Recs. G.998.1, G.998.2, and G.998.3 20110.5 G.test – ITU-T Rec. G.996.1 20210.6 G.lt – ITU-T Rec. G.996.2 20210.7 Broadband Forum DSL Testing Specifications 20310.8 Broadband Forum TR-069 – Remote Management of CPE 204References 20511 The DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) Protocol 20711.1 General Introduction 20711.2 Introduction to MSO Networks 20711.3 Background on Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) Networks 20811.4 Introduction to DOCSIS 21011.5 DOCSIS Network Elements 21011.5.1 CMTS (Cable Modem Terminating System) 21111.5.2 CM (Cable Modem) 21211.5.3 FN (Fiber Node) 21311.5.4 RF Combiner Shelf 21311.6 Brief History of the DOCSIS Protocol Evolution 21311.6.1 DOCSIS 1.0 21411.6.2 DOCSIS 1.1 21411.6.3 DOCSIS 2.0 21411.6.4 DOCSIS 3.0 21511.6.5 Regional History and Considerations 21511.7 DOCSIS Physical Layer 21611.7.1 DOCSIS Downstream Transmission 21611.7.2 DOCSIS Upstream Transmission 21811.8 Synchronization and Ranging 22211.8.1 Synchronization 22311.8.2 Ranging 22411.9 DOCSIS MAC Sub-Layer 22611.9.1 Downstream MAC 22711.9.2 Upstream MAC 22811.9.3 MAC Management Messages 23211.9.4 MAC Parameters 23311.10 CM Provisioning 23911.11 Security 24011.12 Introduction to Companion Protocols 24211.12.1 The PacketCableTM Protocol 24211.12.2 The OpenCableTM Protocol 24211.12.3 PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM) 24211.13 Conclusions 243References 243Further Readings 24312 Broadband in Gas Line (BIG) 24512.1 Introduction to BIG 24512.2 Proposed Technology 24512.3 Potential Drawbacks for BIG 24512.4 Broadband Sewage Line 247Reference 24713 Power Line Communications 24913.1 Introduction 24913.2 The Early Years 25013.3 Narrowband PLC 25113.3.1 Overview of NB-PLC Standards 25213.4 Broadband PLC 25313.4.1 Overview of BB-PLC Standards 25413.5 Power Grid Topologies 25713.5.1 Outdoor Topologies: HV, MV, and LV 25713.5.2 Indoor Topologies 25813.6 Outdoor and In-Home Channel Characterization 26113.6.1 Characteristics of the HV Power Line Channel 26213.6.2 Characteristics of MV Power Line Channel 26213.6.3 Characteristics of LV Power Line Channel 26313.6.4 Power Line Noise Characteristics 26313.7 Power Line Channel Modeling 26913.7.1 Recent Results on the Modeling of Wireline Channels: Towards a Unified Framework 27113.8 The IEEE 1901 Broadband over Power Line Standard 27313.8.1 Overview of Technical Features 27313.8.2 The MAC and the Two PLCPs 27413.8.3 Access-Specific Features 27513.9 PLC and the Smart Grid 27713.9.1 PLC for MV 27913.9.2 PLC for LV 27913.10 Conclusions 283References 284Further Reading 28514 Wireless Broadband Access: Air Interface Fundamentals 28714.1 Introduction 28714.2 Duplexing Techniques 28714.2.1 Frequency-Division Duplex 28814.2.2 Time-Division Duplex 28814.3 Physical Layer Concepts 28914.3.1 The Wireless Channel 28914.3.2 Diversity 29014.3.3 Channel Coding 29114.3.4 Interleaving 29114.3.5 Multi-Antenna Techniques and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) 29114.4 Access Technology Concepts 29514.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 29514.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 29514.4.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 29514.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 29714.4.5 MAC Protocols 29914.5 Cross-Layer Algorithms 30014.5.1 Link Adaptation 30014.5.2 Channel-Dependent Scheduling 30014.5.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 30214.6 Example Application: Satellite Broadband Access 30314.7 Summary 303Further Reading 30415 WiFi: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN 30515.1 Introduction 30515.2 Technology Basics 30615.2.1 System Overview 30615.2.2 MAC Layer 30815.2.3 Physical Layer 31115.3 Technology Evolution 31215.3.1 802.11 b 31215.3.2 802.11 a/g 31315.3.3 802.11 n 31415.3.4 802.11 ac 31615.4 WLAN Network Architecture 31815.5 TV White Space and 802.11 af 32015.6 Summary 320Further Readings 32116 UMTS: W-CDMA and HSPA 32316.1 Introduction 32316.2 Technology Basics 32416.2.1 Network Architecture 32416.2.2 Protocol Architecture 32516.2.3 Physical Layer (L1) 32716.2.4 Layer-2 33416.2.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 33616.3 UMTS Technology Evolution 33816.3.1 Release 99 33816.3.2 Release 5: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 33916.3.3 Release 6: Enhanced Uplink 34316.3.4 Release 7 34716.3.5 Release 8 and Beyond 34816.4 CDMA2000 35016.5 Summary 351Further Readings 35217 Fourth Generation Systems: LTE and LTE-Advanced 35317.1 Introduction 35317.1.1 LTE Standardization 35317.1.2 LTE Requirements 35417.2 Release 8: The Basics of LTE 35517.2.1 Network Architecture 35517.2.2 PDN Connectivity, Bearers, and QoS Architecture 35817.2.3 Protocol Architecture 36017.2.4 Layer-1: The Physical Layer 36117.2.5 Layer-2 and Cross-Layer Algorithms 37017.2.6 Layer-3: Radio Resource Control (RRC) 38017.3 Release 9: eMBMS and SON 38317.3.1 Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) 38417.3.2 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 38617.4 Release 10: LTE-Advanced 38617.4.1 Carrier Aggregation 38817.4.2 Heterogeneous Networks with Small Cells 39117.5 Future of LTE-Advanced: Release 11 and Beyond 39517.5.1 Cooperative Multi-Point (CoMP) 39617.5.2 Release 12 and the Future of LTE 39817.6 IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX Systems 39917.7 Summary 400Further Readings 40218 Conclusions Regarding Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 403Index 407