Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Clinical Medicine

The editor is Professor Emeritus of Neurology at the Yale University School of Medicine. He was director of the botulinum toxin treatment program at Yale from January 2005 to September 2015. His experience with botulinum toxin therapy of a large volume of patients extends over 25 years, and he has written extensively on the role of botulinum toxin therapy in clinical medicine.

• Molecular structure, mechanism of function, toxin serotypes, immunogenicity, and safety issues.- Parkinson’s disease. Indications: Sialorrea, blepharospasm, focal painful dystonia of hands or feet, rigidity.- Atypical Parkinson Syndromes and other neurodegenerative disorders: Sialorrea, Hyperhidrosis, Blepharospasm, Focal painful dystonia, Rigidity.- Multiple Sclerosis. Indications: Spasticity, Focal dystonia, Neuropathic pain (trigeminal neuralgia).- Stroke- Indications: Post-stroke spasticity, Painful focal dystonia, Sialorrhea , Hemifacial spasms.- Cerebral palsy- Indications: Rigidity, Spasticity, Painful dystonia, Sialorrhea.- Orthopedic disorders- Indications: local painful  arthropathies,  local muscle cramps after knee or hip replacement.- Gatroentologic disorders- Indications: Achalasia, Spasm of sphincter of Oddi, Painful rectal spasms (anismus).- Breast and Gynecologic Disorders: Pelvic pain, Vulvodynia, Local post-surgical and Post-radiatiion pain in breast cancer.- Migraine and other headaches.- Neuropathic pains (post-herpetic neuralgia, post-traumatic neuralgia,  plantar fasciitis, piriformis syndrome, entrapment neuropathic pain).- Ophthalmological disorders (blepharospasm, strabismus).- Dermatological disorders (psoriasis , intractable pruritus).- Traumatic brain or spinal cord injury Indications: Spasticity, Painful focal muscle cramps and Spasms.- Diseases with metal accumulation in the brain- Wilson disease and neuroferritinopathies Indications: Sialorrhea, Hyperhidrosis, Spasticity, Rigidity, Blepharospasm, Focal painful cramps and spasms.- Future prospect and potentials.