Blood, Sweat and Tears

Manfred (H.F.J.) Horstmanshoff was Professor of Ancient Medicine at Leiden from 2006-11, having taught Ancient History there since 1976. He is currently a Fellow of the Internationales Kolleg Morphomata, University of Cologne, studying the history of the patient from a comparative perspective. His publications include the co-editorship (with P.J. van der Eijk and P.H Schrijvers) of Ancient Medicine in its Socio-Cultural Context (Amsterdam: Clio Medica, 1995) and editorship of the selected papers of the XIIth Colloquium Hippocraticum as Hippocrates and Medical Education (Leiden: Brill, 2010).Helen King, formerly Professor of the History of Classical Medicine at the University of Reading, is currently Professor of Classical Studies at The Open University, Milton Keynes. She works on ancient medicine and its reception until the nineteenth century, particularly on gynaecology and midwifery. Her publications include The Disease of Virgins (London: Routledge, 2003) and Midwifery, Obstetrics and the Rise of Gynaecology (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).Claus Zittel teaches philosophy and German literature at the Universities of Frankfurt am Main, Berlin (FU) and Olstzyn (Poland) and is the co-leader of the Max-Planck Research group, “The Conscious Image” at the Kunsthistorisches Institut/Max-Planck-Institut Florence. His publications include Theatrum philosophicum. Descartes und die Rolle ästhetischer Formen in der Wissenschaft (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2009) and (with Moritz Epple) Science as Cultural Practice Vol. 1: Cultures and Politics of Research from the Early Modern Period to the Age of Extremes (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2010).

• Preface and AcknowledgementsNotes on the EditorsNotes on the ContributorsList of Illustrations IntroductionHelen KingPART ONEHISTORY OF PHYSIOLOGY IN CONTEXT: CONCEPTS, METAPHORS, ANALOGIESPhysiologia from Galen to Jacob Bording Vivian Nutton Physiological Analogies and Metaphors. In Explanations of the Earth and the CosmosLiba TaubThe Reception of the Hippocratic Treatise On Glands Elizabeth CraikBetween Atoms and Humours. Lucretius’ Didactic Poetry as a Model of Integrated and Bifocal Physiology Fabio TutroneLosing Ground. The Disappearance of Attraction from the Kidneys85Michael R. McVaughThe Art of the Distillation of ‘Spirits’ as a Technological Model for Human Physiology. The Cases of Marsilio Ficino, Joseph Duchesne and Francis BaconSergius KoderaThe Body is a Battlefield. Conflict and Control in Seventeenth-Century Physiology and Political ThoughtSabine KalffHerman Boerhaave’s Neurology and the Unchanging Nature of Physiology Rina KnoeffThe Anatomy and Physiology of Mind. David Hume’s Vitalistic Account Tamás DemeterMore than a Fading Flame. The Physiology of Old Age between Speculative Analogy and Experimental Method Daniel SchäferSuffering Bodies, Sensible Artists. Vitalist Medicine and the Visualising of Corporeal Life in Diderot Tomas MacsotayPART TWOBLOODBlood, Clotting and the Four Humours Hans L. HaakAn Issue of Blood. The Healing of the Woman with the Haemorrhage (Mark 5.24b-34; Luke 8.42b-48; Matthew 9.19-22) in Early Medieval Visual Culture Barbara Baert, Liesbet Kusters and Emma SidgwickThe Nature of the Soul and the Passage of Blood through the Lungs. Galen, Ibn al-Nafīs, Servetus, İtaki, ‘Aṭṭār Rainer BrömerSperm and Blood, Form and Food. Late Medieval Medical Notions of Male and Female in the Embryology of Membra Karine van ’t LandThe Music of the Pulse in Marsilio Ficino’s Timaeus Commentary Jacomien Prins‘For the Life of a Creature is in the Blood’ (Leviticus 17:11). Some Considerations on Blood as the Source of Life in Sixteenth-Century Religion and Medicine and their Interconnections Catrien SantingWhite Blood and Red Milk. Analogical Reasoning in Medical Practice and Experimental Physiology (1560-1730) Barbara OrlandPART THREESWEAT AND SKINThe “Body without Skin” in the Homeric Poems Valeria GavrylenkoSweat. Learned Concepts and Popular Perceptions, 1500-1800 Michael StolbergOf the Fisherman’s Net and Skin Pores. Reframing Conceptions of the Skin in Medicine 1572-1714 Mieneke M. G. te HennepePART FOURTEARS AND SIGHTVision and Vision Disorders. Galen’s Physiology of Sight Véronique Boudon-MillotEarly Modern Medical Thinking on Vision and the Camera Obscura. V.F. Plempius’ Ophthalmographia Katrien VanagtThe Tertium Comparationis of the Elementa Physiologiae. Johann Gottfried von Herder’s Coception of “Tears’ as Mediators between the Sublime and the Actual Bodily Physiology Frank W. StahnischPART FIVEBODY AND SOULFrom Doubt to Certainty. Aspects of the Conceptualisation and Interpretation of Galen’s Natural Pneuma Julius RoccaMetabolisms of the Soul. The Physiology of Bernardino Telesio in Oliva Sabuco’s Nueva Filosofía de la Naturaleza del Hombre (1587) Marlen Bidwell-Steiner“Full of Rapture”. Maternal Vocality and Melancholy in Webster’s Duchess of Malfi Marion A. WellsThe Sleeping Musician. Aristotle’s Vegetative Soul and Ralph Cudworth’s Plastic Nature Diana Stanciu Index LocorumIndex Generalis

''Blood, Sweat and Tears is by no means a work that provides any ‘Big Picture’. Its merit lies rather in its confirmation of the bewildering profusion of themes relevant to pre-modern physiology. It thereby invites further cooperative projects, probably each with a narrower focus, by scholars with multiple disciplinary backgrounds. The editors and their collaborators have rendered a great service to readers. As a book with a number of references to Greek and Roman works, the volume is equipped with an index locorum. A short bibliography at the end of each article provides a good overview of relevant literature. Every article has its summary that facilitates selective reading. Many black and white illustrations make the volume a delight to turn over. These editorial cares can serve as a model for any scholars who are going to edit a large number of essays into a single volume.” - Kuni Sakamoto, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, in: Medical History, 2013"The editors can therefore rest content, for by bringing together so many outstanding studies of the variety of ways that the living human body has been understood in premodern Europe. They have done a great service." - Harold J. Cook, Brown University, in: Renaissance Quarterly 67.3 (Fall 2014), p. 982."Given its objective of presenting an interdisciplinary overview of myriad concerns and approaches, this is a broad collection that brings forth various heuristic principles underlying both scholarly and practical inquiry. The articles do not systematize or harmonize. Instead, they complicate and contextualize intellectual and practical explorations that have often been collapse and conflated into chronology and summary. The result is a thorough representation of the intricacies involved in the definition of such a widely used term as physiology. It emphasizes the presuppositions and prejudices that influenced practice, impeded invention, and posed interpretive and practical problems" - Dorothy Stegman, Ball State University, in: Sixteenth Century Journal 44.4 (2013), p. 1089"The book is certainly a helpful and clear route into the context of early modern chemistry and its important and intimate connections with religious beliefs." - David Knight, Durham University, in: Ambix 60.4 (November, 2013), p. 428"Ce collectif résulte d’une sélection de communications présentées lors du colloque international tenu en avril 2009 au Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIAS) à Wassenaar. L’importance et la richesse de ce volume sont une indication de la richesse elle-même de cette rencontre internationale. Le cadre culturel et chronologique proposé est d’une grande amplitude et parvenir à un ouvrage cohérent présentant une certaine unité était un défi que les éditeurs ont su relever à travers notamment le plan retenu pour la succession des différents articles." - Frédéric Le Blay, in: Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2013.09.55