Blandy's Urology

Edited by OMAR M. ABOUMARZOUK MBChB, MSc, PhD, MRCS (Glasg), FRCS (Urol), is a Consultant Urological Surgeon at the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK and Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer at the University of Glasgow, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, Glasgow, UK. His areas of interest are in upper urinary tract surgery (open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgery), endourology, functional urology, and urological trauma and injuries.

• Preface xxxviiList of Contributors xxxixPart I 11 Armaments in Urology 3Shibs Datta1.1 Principles of Urological Technology 41.2 Wound Healing in the Urinary Tract 191.3 Simulation in Urology 272 Principles of Medical Statistics 39Julie Morris2.1 Introduction 392.2 Descriptive Statistics 392.3 Confidence Intervals 412.4 Significance Tests 422.5 Relationships between Variables 442.6 Diagnostic Tests 452.7 Study Design 462.8 Number Needed to Treat 472.9 Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis 473 Embryology for the Urologist 49Allan Johnston, Maike F. Eylert, Tarik Amer, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk3.1 Historical Consideration 503.2 Introduction 503.3 Embryology of the Kidneys and Ureters 503.4 Embryology of the Bladder 573.5 Embryology of the Indifferent Genital System 603.6 Embryology of the Male Genital System 613.7 Embryology of the Prostate 673.8 Embryology of the Penis and Urethra 683.9 Neuter State 703.10 Embryology of the Female Genital System 703.11 Embryology of the Adrenal Gland 71References4 Principles of Urologic Oncology 75Oliver W. Hakenberg4.1 The Scope of Urologic Oncology 754.2 Carcinogenesis 754.3 Molecular Biology of Cancer Growth 794.4 Tumour‐ Promoting Inflammation 814.5 Reprogramming Energy Metabolism 814.6 Evading Immune Destruction 824.7 The Tumour Microenvironment 824.8 The Rate of Cancer Growth 824.9 Principles of Treatment 824.10 Oncologic Surgery 84Part II 915 Kidney and Ureter Anatomy 93Hiro Ishii, Omar M. Aboumarzouk, and Hendrik Van Poppel5.1 Comparative Anatomy 945.2 Renal Fasciae 965.3 Macroscopic Appearances 965.4 Arterial Supply 965.5 Renal Veins 985.6 Common Vascular and Anatomic Variations 995.7 Lymphatics 995.8 Innervation of the Kidney 996 Kidney and Ureter Physiology 107Motaz ElMahdy Hassan and Mohamed Ismail6.1 Glomerular Filtration Rate 1076.2 Renal Tubules 1096.3 Hormonal Function of the Kidney 1106.4 Special Disorders of Renal Tubules 1116.5 Acid–Base Metabolism 1116.6 Obstructive Uropathy 1126.7 Ureteric Physiology 1136.8 Whitaker Test 1147 Renal Failure 117Pramod Nagaraja and Farid Ghalli7.1 Acute Kidney Injury 1177.2 Chronic Kidney Disease 1207.3 Dialysis 1238 Renal Transplant 127Oliver W. Hakenberg8.1 The Patients and the Kidneys 1288.2 Technique of Removal of Donor Kidneys 1308.3 Immunology of Organ Transplantation 1378.4 Graft Rejection 1398.5 Immunosuppression 1419 Kidney and Ureter: Congenital and Acquired Anomalies 145Alberto Mantovani, Jane Hendry, and Pankaj Mishra9.1 Introduction 1459.2 Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney 1459.3 Congenital Abnormalities of the PUJ 15310 Hydronephrosis 165Maitrey Darrad, Ameet Gupta, and Nick Rukin10.1 Definition 16510.2 Incidence 16510.3 Pathophysiology 16610.4 Diagnostic Imaging 16910.5 Complications of Hydronephrosis 17110.6 Management (General Principles) 17110.7 Perinatal Hydronephrosis 17110.8 Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction 17210.9 Retrocaval Ureter 18110.10 Duplication Anomalies, Ectopic Ureter, and Ureteroceles 18110.11 VUR 18310.12 Megaureter 18510.13 Ureteral Strictures 18511 Kidney and Ureter Trauma 189Sarfraz Ahmad and Omar M. Aboumarzouk11.1 Kidney Injuries 18911.2 Ureteral Injuries 20012 Kidney and Ureter Inflammation 209Ameet Gupta and Krishna Narahari12.1 Medical Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 20912.2 Acute Surgical Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 21112.3 Chronic Surgical Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 21812.4 Other Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 22312.5 Inflammatory Conditions of the Ureters 22813 Kidney and Ureter Neoplasm 237Jane Hendry, Bhavan P. Rai, Alan S. McNeill, Ghulam Nabi, Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg, Khaver Qureshi, Nkem Umez‐Eronini, Grenville Oades, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk13.1 Kidney Neoplasms 23813.2 Benign Renal Masses 25813.3 Ureter and Renal Pelvis Neoplasms 26114 Kidney and Ureter Calculi 277Omar M. Aboumarzouk, Paul Cook, Olivier Traxer, Palle J.S. Osther, Luca Villa, Jonathan Cloutier, Helene Jung, Kim H. Andreassen, and Bhaskar K. Somani14.1 Epidemiology 27714.2 Pathophysiology 27714.3 Formation of Calculi in the Kidney 27814.4 Common Types of Urinary Stones 27914.5 Clinical Features 28114.6 Complications of Stones 28114.7 Investigations 28214.8 Investigations for Metabolic Stone Disease 28814.9 Medical Management of Stones 28914.10 Surgery for Stones 29115 Kidney and Ureter Vascular Disorders 321Abdullah Zreik and Omar M. Aboumarzouk15.1 Congenital Anomalies of the Renal Vessels 32115.2 Renal Artery Disorders 32215.3 Disorders of the Renal Veins 32816 The Adrenal Glands 331Michael Stechman and David Scott Coombes16.1 Principles of Endocrine Surgery 33116.2 Anatomy 33216.3 Physiology 33316.4 Pathology 33416.5 Pathology of the Adrenal Medulla 34016.6 Congenital Disorders of the Adrenals 34616.7 Trauma 34616.8 Inflammation 346Part III 34917 Bladder and Urethra Structure and Function 351Maike F. Eylert and Arjun K. Nambiar17.1 Anatomy 35117.2 Physiology 35518 Bladder Congenital Anomalies 359Katerina Prodromou and Pankaj Mishra18.1 Embryology 35918.2 Exstrophy‐ Epispadias Complex 35918.3 Urachal Anomalies 36818.4 Bladder Diverticula 37018.5 Disorders of Development of the Sacrum 37118.6 UTI in Children 37119 Bladder Trauma 383Abdullah Zreik, Ahmed Mahrous, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk19.1 Bladder Injuries 38320 Bladder Inflammation 391Ameet Gupta, Anna Manwaring, and Krishna Narahari20.1 Introduction and Definitions 39120.2 Acute Cystitis or Lower UTI 39220.3 Chronic Interstitial Cystitis and Bladder Pain Syndrome 40020.4 Tuberculosis 40020.5 Parasitic Infections 40020.6 Amoebiasis 40520.7 Worm Infestations 40620.8 Catfish 40621 Bladder Neoplasm 409Kawa Omar, Nawal Shamim Khan, and Muhammad Shamim Khan21.1 Bladder Neoplasm 41021.2 Field Biopsies 41721.3 Pathology 41721.4 Malignant Tumours of the Bladder 41721.5 Grading of Transitional Cell Carcinoma 42221.6 Staging of Bladder Tumours 42221.7 Risk Stratification after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour 42221.8 Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma 42221.9 Muscle‐ Invasive Bladder Cancer 42721.10 Recurrence and Follow‐up of MIBC 43521.11 Management of Locally Advanced MIBC (T3b/T4) and Metastatic Disease (N1 or M1) 43521.12 Bladder Cancer Variants 43722 Urinary Diversion 447Kawa Omar, Nawal Shamim Khan, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Johannes Alfred Witjes, and Muhammad  Shamim Khan22.1 Urinary Diversions 44822.2 Bladder Urinary Diversion 44922.3 Functional Follow‐Up 46122.4 Quality of Life Urinary Diversion after Cystectomy 46123 Bladder Disorder of Function 465Arjun K. Nambiar, Maike F. Eylert, Lisette A ‘t Hoen, and Bertil F.M. Blok23.1 Introduction 46523.2 Investigating Bladder Function 46823.3 Disorders of Function 47623.4 Urethral Disorders 48924 Fistulae and Sinuses 499Jenny Jones and Omar M. Aboumarzouk24.1 Principles and Definitions 49924.2 Pathophysiology 49924.3 General Complications 50024.4 Organ‐Specific Fistulae 500Part IV 50925 Prostate Structure and Function 511Adam Cox, Matthew Jefferies, and Raj Persad25.1 Comparative Anatomy 51125.2 Maturation of the Prostate 51125.3 Anatomy of the Prostate 51325.4 Prostate Physiology 51726 Prostate Inflammation 523Mark J. Salji, Truls E. Bjerklund Johansen, and Hing Y. Leung26.1 Classification of Prostatitis 52326.2 Investigations 52526.3 Imaging 52526.4 Serum Prostate Specific Antigen 52626.5 Histology 52626.6 Treatment Options 52626.7 Upoint Phenotypic Classification of CP/CPPS 52726.8 Surgical Options 52726.9 Heat Therapies 52726.10 Prostate Tuberculosis 52826.11 Summary 52827 Prostate Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 531Daniel W. Good, Bashar Nahas, Simon Phipps, Rick Popert, Jens‐Uwe Stolzenburg, and Stuart Alan S. McNeill27.1 Nomenclature 53227.2 Aetiology 53227.3 Pathology of BPH 53427.4 Complications of BPH 53527.5 Epidemiology and Natural History of BPH 53827.6 Investigations 53927.7 Management 54127.8 Surgical Management 54728 Prostate Neoplasm 563Mark J. Salji, Imran Ahmad, Sarah Slater, Fat‐Wui Poon, Abdulla Alhasso, Nadja V. Melquiot, Holly Bekarma, Jane Hendry, and Hing Y. Leung28.1 Epidemiology 56328.2 Aetiology 56428.3 Clinical Features 56528.4 Prognosis 56628.5 Investigations 56628.6 Pathology, Histopathology, and Molecular Pathology 57328.7 Management, Treatments, and Patient Selection 57728.8 Androgen‐Deprivation Therapy 58728.9 Castration‐Resistant Prostate Cancer 59128.10 The Role of TURP for Voiding Symptoms Associated with PCa 59328.11 Controversies, Cutting‐Edge Developments, and Hot Topics 594Part V 61129 Penis and Urethra Structure and Penis 613Ayman Younis and Christopher Harding29.1 Anatomy and Physiology 61329.2 The Penis 61329.3 The Scrotum 61729.4 The Urethra 61729.5 Erection 61929.6 Function of the Scrotum 62230 Penis and Urethra and Prostate Congenital Anomalies 623Anand Upasani, Divyesh Desai, Imran Mushtaq, and Pankaj Mishra30.1 Foreskin 62330.2 Hypospadias 62830.3 Primary Epispadias 63230.4 Posterior Urethral Valves 63530.5 Prostatic Utricle 63930.6 Syringocele 63930.7 Anterior Urethral Valves 64030.8 Urethral Duplication 64130.9 Urethral Anomalies in Anorectal Malformations 64230.10 Interesting Terminologies 64531 Penis and Urethra Trauma 651Ayman Younis and Trevor J. Dorkin31.1 Penis and Scrotum 65131.2 Urethral Trauma 65332 Penis and Urethra Inflammation 663Nick Watkin and Asheesh Kaul32.1 Urethral Inflammation 66332.2 Penile Inflammation 66432.3 Other Urethro‐Peno‐Scrotal Pathologies 66632.4 Stricture Disease of the Urethra 66832.5 Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury 67633 Penis and Urethra Neoplasm 687Tom Swallow and Duncan Summerton33.1 Penile Neoplasm 68733.2 Lymph Node Disease 69533.3 Urethral Neoplasm 69934 Penis and Urethra Disorders of Function 705Sarfraz Ahmad and Nick Watkin34.1 Erectile Dysfunction 70534.2 Premature Ejaculation 71234.3 Retrograde Ejaculation 71534.4 Anejaculation 71534.5 Priapism 71634.6 Peyronie Disease 71934.7 Late Onset Hypogonadism 722Part VI 72935 Testes Structure and Function 731Tusshyenthan Seevagan, Stephen Hulligan, Jaspal Phull, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk35.1 Comparative Anatomy 73135.2 Topographical Anatomy 73235.3 Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage 73335.4 Epididymis 73435.5 Vas Deferens 73535.6 Seminal Vesicle 73635.7 Verumontanum 73635.8 Spermatic Cord 73635.9 Testicular Physiology 73636 Testes Congenital and Childhood Anomalies 741Eleni Papageorgiou, Abraham Cherian, and Pankaj Mishra36.1 Congenital Anomalies of the Testis 74136.2 Inguinoscrotal Masses 74936.3 The Acute Scrotum 75337 Testes Trauma and Inflammation 759Senthy Sellaturay, Kamran Ahmed, Muhammad Shamim Khan, and Majed Shabbir37.1 Testicular Trauma 76037.2 Inflammatory Diseases of the Testicle 76137.3 Chronic Inflammation 76337.4 Treatment 76438 Testes Benign Swelling 769Jasper Bondad, Piotr L. Chlosta, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk38.1 Hydrocele 76938.2 Epididymal Cyst 77338.3 Benign Testicular Cyst 77438.4 Testicular Torsion 77438.5 Polyorchidism 77538.6 Varicocele 77638.7 Orchialgia 77838.8 Nux Amatoris 77839 Testes Neoplasm 783Michelle Carey, Omar M. Aboumarzouk, and Johannes Alfred Witjes39.1 History 78439.2 Incidence 78439.3 Basic Embryology 78439.4 Aetiology and Risk Factors 78439.5 Clinical Features 78539.6 Diagnosis 78539.7 Staging 79139.8 Method of Spread 79139.9 Prognosis 79339.10 Treatment 79339.11 Nongerm Cell Tumours 79739.12 Tumours Containing Both Germ Cell and Sex Cord or Gonadal Stromal Elements: Gonadoblastoma 79839.13 Other Tumours of the Testis 79839.14 Tumours of the Paratesticular Structures 79840 Male Infertility 803Amr Abdel Raheem, Rowland Rees, and David Ralph40.1 Incidence 80340.2 Definitions 80340.3 History and Examination 80440.4 Aetiology 80440.5 Investigations for Male Infertility 80740.6 Testis Biopsy 80940.7 Treatment of Male Infertility 81140.8 Assisted Conception Techniques 81240.9 Varicocele Repair 81240.10 Medical Treatment of Male Infertility 81341 Vasectomy and Seminal Vesicle Disorders 817Omar M. Aboumarzouk, Bryan Jenkins, and Piotr L. Chlosta41.1 Seminal Vesicles 81841.2 Vasectomy 820Index 825