Biomedical Mass Transport and Chemical Reaction

James S. Ultman, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering at the Pennsylvania State University.Harihara Baskaran, PhD, is a Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Case Western Reserve University.Gerald M. Saidel, PhD, is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University.

• Preface xviGuidance to Instructors xviiMethods for Solving Model Equations xixAcknowledgments xxAbout the Companion Website xxiPart I Introduction 11 Biological Structure and Function 31.1 Cell Energy Related to Whole-Body Function 41.2 Tissue and Organ Systems 81.3 Cell Structure and Energy Metabolism 162 Modeling Concepts for Biological Mass Transport 212.1 Representation of Biological Media 212.2 Mechanisms of Mass Transport 252.3 Formulation of Material Balances 302.4 Spatially Lumped and Distributed Models 32References 39Part II Thermodynamics of Biomedical Processes 413 Basics of Equilibrium Thermodynamics 433.1 Thermodynamic Systems and States 433.2 Heat, Work, and the First Law 443.3 Enthalpy and Heat Effects 453.4 Entropy and the Second Law 463.5 Gibbs Free Energy and Equilibrium 463.6 Properties of the Chemical Potential 51References 534 Interfacial and Membrane Equilibria 544.1 Equilibrium Criterion 544.2 Interfacial Equilibria 564.3 Membrane Equilibria 624.4 Electrical Double Layer 71References 755 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium 765.1 Equilibrium Criterion 765.2 Equilibrium Coefficients 785.3 Acid Dissociation 805.4 Ligand–Receptor Binding 835.5 Equilibrium Models of Blood Gas Content 90References 101Part III Fundamentals of Rate Processes 1036 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Transport Rates 1056.1 Transport Velocities and Fluxes 1056.2 Stefan–Maxwell Equation 1096.3 Diffusion of Uncharged Substances 1116.4 Diffusion of Electrolytes 1166.5 Transport across Membranes 117References 1237 Mechanisms and Models of Diffusion 1247.1 Transport Rates in Homogeneous Materials 1257.2 Diffusion Coefficients in Gases 1257.3 Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids 1287.4 Transport in Porous Media Models of Tissue 1347.5 Transport in Suspension Models of Tissue 144References 1518 Chemical Reaction Rates 1528.1 General Kinetic Models 1528.2 Basis of Reaction Rate Equations 1548.3 Multi-Step Reactions 1588.4 Ligand–Receptor Kinetics 1618.5 Enzyme Kinetics 1668.6 Urea Cycle as a Reaction Network 173References 178Part IV Transport Models in Fluids and Membranes 1799 Unidirectional Transport 1819.1 Unidirectional Transport Equations 1819.2 Steady-State Diffusion 1869.3 Diffusion with Parallel Convection 1919.4 Diffusion with Chemical Reaction 1949.5 Unsteady-State Diffusion 201References 20310 Membrane Transport I: Convection and Diffusion Processes 20410.1 Ordinary Diffusion 20410.2 Diffusion with Parallel Convection 21110.3 Cell Membrane Channels 216References 22311 Membrane Transport II: Carrier-Mediated Processes 22411.1 Facilitated Transport of a Single Substance 22411.2 Cotransport of Two Substrates 22711.3 Simulation of Tracer Experiments 23011.4 Primary Active Transport 23711.5 Electrical Effects on Ion Transport 242References 24412 Mass Transfer Coefficients and Chemical Separation Devices 24512.1 Transport Through a Single Phase 24512.2 Transport Through Multiple Phases 25612.3 Design and Performance of Separation Devices 265References 279Part V Multidimensional Processes of Molecules and Cells 28113 Fluid Mechanics I: Basic Concepts 28313.2 Mechanical Properties and Rheology of Fluids 28913.3 Model Formulation and Scaling of Fluid Flow 29313.4 Steady Flow Through A Tube 299References 30614 Fluid Mechanics II: Complex Flows 30714.1 Boundary Layer Flows 30714.2 Creeping Flow Through a Leaky Tube 31914.3 Periodic Flow Along a Tube 323Reference 32915 Mass Transport I: Basic Concepts and Nonreacting Systems 33015.1 Three-Dimensional Mass Balances 33015.2 Special Cases 33215.3 One-Dimensional Transport Equations 33415.4 Model Formulation and Scaling of Mass Transport 33915.5 Diffusion and Convection in Nonreacting Systems 344References 35716 Mass Transport II: Chemical Reacting Systems 35816.1 Single-Phase Processes 35816.2 Multiphase Processes 36816.3 Processes with Interfacial Reaction 380References 38717 Cell Population Dynamics 38817.1 Cell Number Balances 38817.2 Cell Transport and Fate Processes 38917.3 Single Cell Population Dynamics 39417.4 Multiple Cell Population Dynamics 399Reference 409Part VI Compartmental Modeling 41118 Compartment Models I: Basic Concepts and Tracer Analysis 41318.1 Compartmental Modeling Concepts 41318.2 Multiple-Compartment Models 42118.3 Nonideal Inputs and Moment Analysis 430Reference 43819 Compartment Models II: Analysis of Physiological Systems 43919.1 Open-Loop Models 43919.1.1 Multipool Model of Glucose Metabolism 43919.2 Models with Feedback and Recirculation 452References 466Part VII Advanced Biomedical Applications 46720 Therapies for Tissue and Organ Dysfunction 46920.1 Dynamics of Urea Clearance in a Patient During Hemodialysis 46920.2 Hemodialyzer Performance with Varying Filtration 47420.3 Gas Exchange in an Intravascular Lung Device 48020.4 Separation of Blood Components by Apheresis 48620.5 Epidermal Regeneration in Tissue-Engineered Skin 490References 49721 Drug Release, Delivery, and Distribution 49821.1 Drug Release From an Agglomerated Tablet 49821.2 Drug Release From an Osmotic Pump Device 50421.3 Intestinal Drug Transport 50921.4 Drug Distribution in Ablated Tissues 51521.5 Intracranial Drug Delivery and Distribution 52021.6 Whole-Body Methotrexate Distribution 526References 53422 Diagnostics and Sensing 53522.1 Chemical Monitoring of Tissue by Microdialysis 53522.2 Dual-Electrode Measurement of Blood Flow and Oxygen 54122.3 Detection of Ethanol in Blood from Exhaled Gas 54622.4 Oxygen Uptake and Utilization in Exercising Muscle 55222.5 Tracer Analysis with Pet Imaging 56222.6 Cancer Cell Migration with Cell–Cell Interaction 569References 576Appendix A Units and Property Data 577A.1 American National Standard for SI Units 577A.2 Definitions of Concentration 579A.3 Thermodynamic Properties 580A.4 Transport Properties 583References 586Appendix B Representing Transport Processes in Complex Systems 587B.1 Vector and Tensor Operations 587B.2 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 592B.3 Spatially Averaged Balances for Heterogeneous Tissue 596B.4 Tables for Fluid Motion in Common Coordinate Systems 602References 604Appendix C Mathematical Methods 605C.1 Dimensionless Forms and Scaling 605C.2 Inversion of Square Matrices 608C.3 Initial-value Problems 609C.4 Laplace Transforms 613C.5 Alternative Representation of a Point Source 614C.6 Similarity Transform of a Partial Differential Equation 615Nomenclature 619Index 624