Biomass as a Sustainable Energy Source for the Future

Wiebren de Jong is an associate professor at Delft University of Technology working in the Process & Energy department. He is involved as senior researcher in several EU and national projects concerning biomass pretreatment, combustion, gasification and biorefinery processes. He is co-author of more than 65 journal papers concerning thermal and chemical conversion of biomass.J. Ruud van Ommen is an associate professor at Delft University of Technology working in the Chemical Engineering department. His current research focuses on Scaling up of nanotechnology processes, and monitoring and structuring of catalytic multiphase reactors, especially for energy related processes. He is co-author of more than 80 journal papers, of which about 25 concerning energy technology.

• PREFACE xiiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xviiPART I SOCIAL CONTEXT AND STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 11 Introduction: Socioeconomic Aspects of Biomass Conversion 3Wiebren de Jong and J. Ruud van Ommen1.1 Energy Supply: Economic and Environmental Considerations 41.2 Ways to Mitigate Threats to a Sustainable Energy Supply 161.3 What is Sustainable Supply of Biomass? 201.4 Resources and Sustainable Potential of Biomass 251.5 A Brief Introduction to Multiproduct Biomass Conversion Techniques 29Chapter Summary and Study Guide 30Key Concepts 30Short-Answer Questions 30Problems 32Projects 32Internet References 33References 332 Biomass Composition, Properties, and Characterization 36Wiebren de Jong2.1 Physicochemical Properties 372.2 Main Structural Organic Constituents 422.3 Minor Organic Constituents 452.4 Inorganic Compounds 492.5 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis 522.6 Heating Values 572.7 Ash Characterization Techniques 59Chapter Summary and Study Guide 61Key Concepts 62Short-Answer Questions 62Problems 63Projects 65Internet References 65References 65PART II CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF BIOMASS PROCESSING 693 Conservation: Mass, Momentum, and Energy Balances 71Wiebren de Jong3.1 General Conservation Equation 733.2 Conservation of Mass 743.3 Conservation of Energy 803.4 Conservation of Momentum 90Chapter Summary and Study Guide 92Key Concepts 92Short-Answer Questions 93Problems 93Projects 95Internet Reference 96References 964 Transfer: Basics of Mass and Heat Transfer 97Dirk J.E.M. Roekaerts4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Transport Terms in the Governing Equations 1004.3 Radiative Heat Transfer 1034.4 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer 1084.5 Transfer of Heat and Mass with Phase Change 110Chapter Summary and Study Guide 124Key Concepts 124Short-Answer Questions 125Problems 125Projects 127References 1285 Reactions: Thermodynamic Aspects, Kinetics, and Catalysis 129Martina Fantini, Wiebren de Jong, and J. Ruud van Ommen5.1 Reaction Kinetics 1305.2 Chemical Equilibrium 1385.3 Catalysis 148Chapter Summary and Study Guide 154Key Concepts 155Short-Answer Questions 155Problems 155Projects 156References 1586 Reactors: Idealized Chemical Reactors 159Lilian de Martín and J. Ruud van Ommen6.1 Preliminary Concepts 1606.2 Batch Reactors (BRs) 1636.3 Steady-State Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 1676.4 Steady-State Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs) 1686.5 Residence Time and Space Time for Flow Reactors 1736.6 Deviations from Plug Flow and Perfect Mixing 176Chapter Summary and Study Guide 180Key Concepts 181Short-Answer Questions 181Problems 181Project 182References 1837 Processes: Basics of Process Design 184Johan Grievink, Pieter L.J. Swinkels, and J. Ruud van Ommen7.1 Scope 1867.2 Characterization of Biomass Processing 1877.3 Analyzing the Outside of a Process 1897.4 Analyzing the Inside of a Process 1927.5 A Design Procedure for Biomass Conversion Processes 1957.6 Interface with Supply Chain: Input–Output Diagram 2017.7 Division in Subprocesses 2067.8 Process Design: Functional Block Diagram 2077.9 Example of Analysis and Evaluation in Process Design 2127.10 Integrating Process Units into the Functional Network 2227.11 Application Potential 224Chapter Summary and Study Guide 224Key Concepts 225Short-Answer Questions 225Problems 226Projects 229Internet References 229References 229PART III BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 2318 Physical Pretreatment of Biomass 233Wiebren de Jong8.1 Introduction 2358.2 Harvesting and Transport 2368.3 Storage 2418.4 Washing 2428.5 Size Reduction 2438.6 Particle Size Characterization 2478.7 Screening and Classification 2498.8 Methods of Moisture Reduction 2498.9 Compaction Technologies 2578.10 Sequencing the Pretreatment Steps 261Chapter Summary and Study Guide 261Key Concepts 261Short-Answer Questions 262Problems 263Projects 264Internet References 265References 2659 Thermochemical Conversion: Direct Combustion 268Rob J.M. Bastiaans and Jeroen A. van Oijen9.1 Introduction 2709.2 Fundamental Conversion Processes 2719.3 Particle Conversion Modes 2739.4 Combustion Systems 2839.5 Emissions 288Chapter Summary and Study Guide 294Key Concepts 295Short-Answer Questions 295Problems 295Projects 296Internet References 296References 29710 Thermochemical Conversion: (Co)gasification and Hydrothermal Gasification 298Sascha R.A. Kersten and Wiebren de Jong10.1 What is Gasification? A Chemical and Engineering Background 30010.2 A Short History of Gasification 31710.3 (Co)gasification Technologies for Dry Biomass 31810.4 Gasification in an Aqueous Environment: Hydrothermal Biomass Conversion 32910.5 Gas Cleaning for Biomass Gasification Processes 337Chapter Summary and Study Guide 348Key Concepts 348Short-Answer Questions 349Problems 350Projects 353Internet References 353References 35311 Thermochemical Conversion: An Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis 359Stijn R.G. Oudenhoven and Sascha R.A. Kersten11.1 Introduction 36111.2 A First Look at a Liquefaction Process 36211.3 A First Look at Fast Pyrolysis Oil 36311.4 Chemistry and Kinetics of Pyrolysis 36411.5 Processes at the Particle Level 36811.6 A Closer Look at Pyrolysis Oil 37111.7 Fast Pyrolysis Processes 37411.8 Catalytic Pyrolysis 37711.9 Oil Applications 37811.10 Outlook 380Appendix 11.1 Single-Particle Model (Based on the Model by Di Blasi, 1997) 380Chapter Summary and Study Guide 383Key Concepts 383Short-Answer Questions 383Problems 384Projects 384Internet References 385References 38512 Thermochemical Conversion: Torrefaction 388Jaap H.A. Kiel, Arno H.H. Janssen, and Yash Joshi12.1 Introduction 38812.2 Fundamentals of Torrefaction 38912.3 Advantages of Torrefaction 39212.4 Torrefaction Technology 39212.5 Torrefaction: An Enabling Technology 39712.6 The Future of Torrefaction 398Chapter Summary and Study Guide 399Key Concepts 399Short-Answer Questions 399Problems 400Projects 401References 40113 Biochemical Conversion: Biofuels by Industrial Fermentation 403Maria C. Cuellar and Adrie J.J. Straathof13.1 Introduction 40413.2 First-Generation Bioethanol Processes 40613.3 Second-Generation Bioethanol Processes 41713.4 Butanol 42813.5 Diesel-like Products 42913.6 Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Comparison of Fermentative Biofuels 43213.7 Outlook 436Chapter Summary and Study Guide 437Key Concepts 438Short-Answer Questions 438Problems 438Projects 439References 43914 Biochemical Conversion: Anaerobic Digestion 441Robbert Kleerebezem14.1 Introduction 44214.2 Biochemical Fundamentals 44314.3 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 45314.4 Process Engineering 45414.5 Outlook and Discussion 463Chapter Summary and Study Guide 466Key Concepts 466Short-Answer Questions 466Problems 467Project 467References 46815 Biorefineries: Integration of Different Technologies 469Wiebren de Jong15.1 What is a Biorefinery and What is the Difference with an Oil Refinery? 47015.2 Types of Biorefineries 47415.3 Economic Considerations Evaluating Biorefinery Concepts: Basic Methods for Assessing Investments and Cost Prices 48115.4 Outlook to the Future of Biorefineries 492Chapter Summary and Study Guide 493Key Concepts 493Short-Answer Questions 493Problems 494Projects 497Internet References 500References 500PART IV END USES 50316 High-Efficiency Energy Systems with Biomass Gasifiers and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 505P.V. Aravind and Ming Liu16.1 Introduction 50616.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 50716.3 Biomass Gasifier–SOFC Combination 51216.4 Concluding Remarks 520Chapter Summary and Study Guide 520Key Concepts 521Short-Answer Questions 521Problems 521Projects 522Internet References 522References 52317 Synthesis Gas Utilization for Transportation Fuel Production 525J. Ruud van Ommen and Johan Grievink17.1 Introduction 52617.2 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 52717.3 Synthetic Natural Gas Synthesis 53517.4 Methanol Synthesis 53717.5 Comparison of the Different Options 538Chapter Summary and Study Guide 540Key Concepts 540Short-Answer Questions 541Problems 541Projects 544Internet References 545References 54518 Chemistry of Biofuels and Biofuel Additives from Biomass 547Isabel W.C.E. Arends18.1 Introduction 54818.2 Bioethanol and Biodiesel 54818.3 Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbon Fuels 55318.4 Greenness of the Conversion of Platform Molecules into Biobased Fuel Additives 55718.5 Direct Aqueous Reforming of Sugars Leading to a Range of Alkanes 56418.6 Future Generations of Biofuel 566Chapter Summary and Study Guide 566Key Concepts 567Short-Answer Questions 567Problems 568Projects 568Internet References 568References 569INDEX 571