Bioinspired Materials Science and Engineering

GUANG YANG, PHD is a professor in the College of Life Science and Technology at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China. Her research involves biomaterial, biomanufacture and nanomedicine. She co-chaired the 2014 Sino-German Symposium on Bioinspired Materials Science and Engineering (BMSE3-Bio). Dr. Yang has published over 90 peer-reviewed papers and numerous book chapters. She also has over 10 issued and pending Chinese patents and serves as a reviewer for several academic journals. LIN XIAO, PHD is a researcher in the College of Life Science and Technology at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China. LALLEPAK LAMBONI, PHD is a researcher in the College of Life Science and Technology at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China.

• List of Contributors xiiiForeword xviiPreface xixIntroduction to Science and Engineering Principles for the Development of Bioinspired Materials 1Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Zhijun Shi, Sehrish Manan, and Guang YangI.1 Bioinspiration 1I.2 Bioinspired Materials 1I.3 Biofabrication 2I.3.1 Summary of Part I Biofabrication 2I.4 Biofabrication Strategies 3I.4.1 Conventional Biofabrication Strategies 3I.4.2 Advanced Biofabrication Strategies 3I.5 Part II Biomacromolecules 5I.5.1 Summary of Part II Biomacromolecules 5I.5.2 Carbohydrates 5I.5.3 Proteins 8I.5.4 Nucleic Acids 9I.6 Part III Biomaterials 11I.6.1 Summary of Part III Biomaterials 11I.6.2 Features of Biomaterials 12I.6.3 Current Advances in Biomaterials Science 13I.7 Scope of the Book 13Acknowledgments 14References 14Part I Biofabrication 171 Biotemplating Principles 19Cordt Zollfrank and Daniel Van Opdenbosch1.1 Introduction 191.2 Mineralization in Nature 201.2.1 Biomineralization 201.2.2 Geological Mineralization 211.3 Petrified Wood in Construction and Technology 231.4 Structural Description and Emulation 241.4.1 Antiquity 241.4.2 Modern Age: Advent of the Light Microscope 241.4.3 Aqueous Silicon Dioxide, Prime Mineralization Agent 251.4.4 Artificial Petrifaction of Wood 251.5 Characteristic Parameters 281.5.1 Hierarchical Structuring 281.5.2 Specific Surface Areas 321.5.3 Pore Structures 321.6 Applications 341.6.1 Mechanoceramics 341.6.2 Nanoparticle Substrates 351.6.3 Filter and Burner Assemblies 351.6.4 Photovoltaic and Sensing Materials 361.6.5 Wettability Control 371.6.6 Image Plates 381.7 Limitations and Challenges 381.7.1 Particle Growth 381.7.2 Comparison with Alternating Processing Principles 401.7.3 Availability 401.8 Conclusion and Future Topics 42Acknowledgments 42Notes 42References 432 Tubular Tissue Engineering Based on Microfluidics 53Lixue Tang, Wenfu Zheng, and Xingyu Jiang2.1 Introduction 532.2 Natural Tubular Structures 532.2.1 Blood Vessels 532.2.2 Lymphatic Vessels 532.2.3 Vessels in the Digestive System 542.2.4 Vessels in the Respiratory System 542.2.5 The Features of the Natural Tubular Structures 542.3 Microfluidics 542.3.1 An Introduction to Microfluidics 542.3.2 Microfluidics to Manipulate Cells 552.4 Fabrication of Tubular Structures by Microfluidics 582.4.1 Angiogenesis 582.4.2 Tissue Engineering of Natural Tubes 582.4.3 Tissue Engineering of Other Tubular Structures 622.5 Conclusion 64Acknowledgments 64References 643 Construction of Three‐Dimensional Tissues with Capillary Networks by Coating of Nanometer‐ or Micrometer‐Sized Film on Cell Surfaces 67Michiya Matsusaki, Akihiro Nishiguchi, Chun‐Yen Liu, and Mitsuru Akashi3.1 Introduction 673.2 Fabrication of Nanometer‐ and Micrometer‐Sized ECM Layers on Cell Surfaces 683.2.1 Control of Cell Surface by FN Nanofilms 683.2.2 Control of Cell Surface by Collagen Microfilms 723.3 3D‐ Tissue with Various Thicknesses and Cell Densities 753.4 Fabrication of Vascularized 3D‐Tissues and Their Applications 773.5 Conclusion 80Acknowledgments 80References 804 Three‐dimensional Biofabrication on Nematic Ordered Cellulose Templates 83Tetsuo Kondo4.1 Introduction 834.2 What Is Nematic Ordered Cellulose (NOC)? 844.2.1 Nematic Ordered Cellulose 844.2.2 Various Nematic Ordered Templates and Modified Nematic Ordered Cellulose 874.3 Exclusive Surface Properties of NOC and Its Unique Applications 894.3.1 Bio‐Directed Epitaxial Nano‐Deposition on Molecular Tracks of the NOC Template 894.3.2 Critical Factors in Bio‐Directed Epitaxial Nano‐Deposition on Molecular Tracks 904.3.3 Regulated Patterns of Bacterial Movements Based on Their Secreted Cellulose Nanofibers Interacting Interfacially with Ordered Chitin and Honeycomb Cellulose Templates 934.3.4 NOC Templates Mediating Order‐Patterned Deposition Accompanied by Synthesis of Calcium Phosphates as Biomimic Mineralization 974.3.5 Three‐Dimensional Culture of Epidermal Cells on NOC Scaffolds 984.4 Conclusion 100References 101                                                                                                                                                                                5 Preparation and Application of Biomimetic Materials Inspired by Mussel Adhesive Proteins 103Heng Shen, Zhenchao Qian, Ning Zhao, and Jian Xu5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Various Research Studies 1045.3 Conclusion 116References 1166 Self‐assembly of Polylactic Acid‐based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers and Their Application in the Biomedical Field 119Lin Xiao, Lixia Huang, Li Liu, and Guang Yang6.1 Introduction 1196.2 Micellar Structures from PLA‐based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 1196.2.1 Preparation and Mechanism of Micellar Structures 1206.2.2 Stability and Stimuli‐Responsive Properties: Molecular Design and Biomedical Applications 1226.3 Hydrogels from PLA‐based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 1256.3.1 Mechanism of Hydrogel Formation from PLA‐based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 1256.3.2 Properties and Biomedical Applications of Hydrogel from PLA‐based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 1266.4 Conclusion 127Acknowledgments 127References 127Part II Biomacromolecules 1317 Electroconductive Bioscaffolds for 2D and 3D Cell Culture 133Zhijun Shi, Lin Mao, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Sixiang Li, Li Wang, Sanming Hu, and Guang Yang7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Electrical Stimulation 1337.3 Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 1357.3.1 Conductive Polymers‐based Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 1357.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes‐based Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 1377.3.3 Graphene‐based Electroconductive Bioscaffolds 1407.4 Conclusion 145Acknowledgments 145References 1458 Starch and Plant Storage Polysaccharides 149Francisco Vilaplana, Wei Zou, and Robert G. Gilbert8.1 Starch and Other Seed Polysaccharides: Availability, Molecular Structure, and Heterogeneity 1498.1.1 Molecular Structure and Composition of Seeds and Cereal Grains 1498.1.2 Starch Hierarchical Structure from Bonds to the Granule 1498.1.3 Crystalline Structure 1498.1.4 Granular Structure 1508.1.5 Mannans, Galactomannans, and Glucomannans 1508.1.6 Xyloglucans 1518.1.7 Xylans. Arabinoxylans, Glucuronoxylans, and Glucuronoarabinoxylans 1538.2 Effect of the Molecular Structure of Starch and Seed Polysaccharides on the Macroscopic Properties of Derived Carbohydrate‐based Materials 1548.2.1 Factors Affecting Starch Digestibility 1548.2.2 Structural Aspects of Seed Polysaccharides Affecting Configuration and Macroscopic Properties 1588.3 Chemo‐ enzymatic Modification Routes for Starch and Seed Polysaccharides 1608.4 Conclusion 161References 1629 Conformational Properties of Polysaccharide Derivatives 167Ken Terao and Takahiro Sato9.1 Introduction 1679.2 Theoretical Backbone to Determine the Chain Conformation of Linear and Cyclic Polymers from Dilute Solution Properties 1699.3 Chain Conformation of Linear Polysaccharides Carbamate Derivatives in Dilute Solution 1719.3.1 Effects of the Main Chain Linkage of the Polysaccharides Phenylcarbamate Derivatives 1719.3.2 Effects of Hydrogen Bonds to Stabilize the Helical Structure 1729.3.3 Enantiomeric Composition Dependent Chain Dimensions: ATBC and ATEC in d‐, dl‐, l-ethyl lactates 1759.3.4 Solvent‐Dependent Helical Structure and the Chain Stiffness of Amylose Phenylcarbamates in Polar Solvents 1769.4 Lyotropic Liquid Crystallinity of Polysaccharide Carbamate Derivatives 1779.5 Cyclic Amylose Carbamate Derivatives: An Application to Rigid Cyclic Polymers 1789.6 Conclusion 180Appendix: Wormlike Chain Parameters for Polysaccharide Carbamate Derivatives 181References 18210 Silk Proteins: A Natural Resource for Biomaterials 185Lallepak Lamboni, Tiatou Souho, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, and Guang Yang10.1 Introduction 18510.2 Bio‐ synthesis of Silk Proteins 18610.2.1 Silkworm Silk Glands 18610.2.2 Regulation of Silk Proteins Synthesis 18610.2.3 Synthesis of Fibroin 18710.2.4 Synthesis of Sericin 18710.2.5 Silk Filament Assembly 18710.3 Extraction of Silk Proteins 18810.3.1 Silk Degumming 18810.3.2 Fibroin Regeneration 18810.3.3 Sericin Recovery 18910.4 Structure and Physical Properties of Silk Proteins 18910.4.1 Silk Fibroin 18910.4.2 Silk Sericin 18910.5 Properties of Silk Proteins in Biomedical Applications 19010.5.1 Silk Fibroin 19010.5.2 Biomedical Uses of Silk Sericin 19010.6 Processing Silk Fibroin for the Preparation of Biomaterials 19210.6.1 Fabrication of 3D Matrices 19310.6.2 Fabrication of SF‐based Films 19310.6.3 Preparation of SF‐based Particulate Materials 19410.7 Processing Silk Sericin for Biomaterials Applications 19410.8 Conclusion 194Acknowledgments 195Abbreviations 195References 19511 Polypeptides Synthesized by Ring‐opening Polymerization of N‐Carboxyanhydrides: Preparation, Assembly, and Applications 201Yuan Yao, Yongfeng Zhou, and Deyue Yan11.1 Introduction 20111.2 Living Polymerization of NCAs 20111.2.1 Transition Metal Complexes 20111.2.2 Active Initiators Based on Amines 20311.2.3 Recent Advances in Living NCA ROP Polymerization, 2013‐2016 20411.3 Synthesis of Traditional Copolypeptides and Hybrids 20411.3.1 Random Copolypeptides 20511.3.2 Hybrid Block Polypeptides 20511.3.3 Block Copolypeptides 20611.3.4 Non‐linear Polypeptides and Copolypeptides 20611.4 New Monomers and Side‐Chain Functionalized Polypeptides 20811.4.1 New NCA Monomers 20811.4.2 Glycopolypeptides 20811.4.3 Water‐soluble Polypeptides with Stable Helical Conformation 20911.4.4 Stimuli‐responsive Polypeptides 21011.5 The Self‐assembly of Polypeptides 21211.5.1 Chiral Self‐assembly 21211.5.2 Self‐assembly with Inorganic Sources 21311.5.3 Microphase Separation of Polypeptides 21411.5.4 Self‐assembly in Solution 21411.5.5 Polypeptide Gels 21511.6 Novel Bio‐related Applications of Polypeptides 21611.6.1 Drug Delivery 21611.6.2 Gene Delivery 21611.6.3 Membrane Active and Antimicrobial Polypeptides 21711.6.4 Tissue Engineering 21711.7 Conclusion 219References 21912 Preparation of Gradient Polymeric Structures and Their Biological Applications 225Tao Du, Feng Zhou, and Shutao Wang12.1 Introduction 22512.2 Gradient Polymeric Structures 22512.2.1 Gradient Hydrogels 22512.2.2 Gradient Polymer Brushes 23012.3 Gradient Polymeric Structures Regulated Cell Behavior 24112.3.1 Gradient Cell Adhesion 24112.3.2 Cell Migration 24412.4 Conclusion 247References 247Part III Biomaterials 25113 Bioinspired Materials and Structures: A Case Study Based on Selected Examples 253Tom Masselter, Georg Bold, Marc Thielen, Olga Speck, and Thomas Speck13.1 Introduction 25313.2 Fiber‐ reinforced Structures Inspired by Unbranched and Branched Plant Stems 25313.2.1 Technical Plant Stem 25413.2.2 Branched Fiber‐reinforced Structures 25413.3 Pomelo Peel as Inspiration for Biomimetic Impact Protectors 25513.3.1 Hierarchical Structuring and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties 25613.3.2 Functional Principles for Biomimetic Impact Protectors 25813.4 Self‐ repair in Technical Materials Inspired by Plants’ Solutions 25813.4.1 Plant Latex: Self‐Sealing, Self‐Healing and More 25813.4.2 Wound Sealing in the Dutchmen’s Pipe: Concept Generator for Self‐Sealing Pneumatic Systems 25913.5 Elastic Architecture: Lessons Learnt from Plant Movements 26113.5.1 Plant Movements: A Treasure Trove for Basic and Applied Research 26113.5.2 Flectofin®: a Biomimetic Facade‐Shading System Inspired by the Deformation Principle of the “Perch” of the Bird of Paradise Flower 26213.6 Conclusions 264Acknowledgments 264References 26414 Thermal‐ and Photo‐deformable Liquid Crystal Polymers and Bioinspired Movements 267Yuyun Liu, Jiu‐an Lv, and Yanlei Yu14.1 Introduction 26714.2 Thermal‐ responsive CLCPs 26714.2.1 Thermal‐responsive Deformation of CLCPs 26714.2.2 Bioinspired Thermal‐responsive Nanostructure CLCP Surfaces 27114.3 Photothermal‐ responsive CLCPs 27614.4 Light‐ responsive CLCPs 27814.4.1 Light‐responsive Deformation of CLCPs 27814.4.2 Bioinspired Soft Actuators 28214.4.3 Bioinspired Light‐responsive Microstructured CLCP Surfaces 28514.4 Conclusion 290References 29115 Tuning Mechanical Properties of Protein Hydrogels: Inspirations from Nature and Lessons from Synthetic Polymers 295Xiao‐Wei Wang, Dong Liu, Guang‐Zhong Yin, and Wen‐Bin Zhang15.1 Introduction 29515.2 What Are Different about Proteins? 29615.2.1 Protein Structure and Function 29615.2.2 Protein Synthesis 29715.3 Protein Cross‐linking 29815.3.1 Chemical Cross‐linking of Proteins 29815.3.2 Physical Cross‐linking of Proteins 29915.4 Strategies for Mechanical Reinforcement 30015.4.1 Lessons from Synthetic Polymers 30215.4.2 Inspirations from Nature 30515.5 Conclusion 306References 30716 Dendritic Polymer Micelles for Drug Delivery 311Mosa Alsehli and Mario Gauthier16.1 Introduction 31116.2 Dendrimers 31216.2.1 Dendrimer Synthesis: Divergent and Convergent Methods 31216.3 Hyperbranched Polymers 31916.4 Dendrigraft Polymers 32316.4.1 Divergent Grafting Onto Strategy 32316.4.2 Divergent Grafting from Strategy 32816.4.3 Convergent Grafting Through Strategy 33216.5 Conclusion 333References 33417 Bone‐inspired Biomaterials 337Frank A. Müller17.1 Introduction 33717.2 Bone 33717.3 Bone‐ like Materials 34017.3.1 Biomimetic Apatite 34017.3.2 Bone‐inspired Hybrids 34317.4 Bone‐ like Scaffolds 34417.4.1 Additive Manufacturing 34417.4.2 Ice Templating 34617.5 Conclusion 349References 34918 Research Progress in Biomimetic Materials for Human Dental Caries Restoration 351Yazi Wang, Fengwei Liu, Eric Habib, Ruili Wang, Xiaoze Jiang, X.X. Zhu, and Meifang Zhu18.1 Introduction 35118.2 Tooth Structure 35118.3 The Formation Mechanism of Dental Caries 35218.4 HA‐ filled Biomimetic Resin Composites 35218.4.1 Particulate HA as Filler in Dental Restorative Resin Composites 35218.4.2 Novel Shapes of HA as Fillers in Dental Restorative Resin Composites 35418.4.3 Challenges and Future Developments 35518.5 Biomimetic Synthesis of Enamel Microstructure 35618.5.1 Amelogenins‐containing Systems 35618.5.2 Peptides‐containing Systems 35718.5.3 Biopolymer Gel Systems 35918.5.4 Dendrimers‐containing Systems 36018.5.5 Surfactants/Chelators‐containing Systems 36018.5.6 Challenges and Future Developments 360Acknowledgments 362References 362Index 365