Biodegradability of Surfactants

Inbunden, Engelska, 1994

AvD.R. Karsa,M.R. Porter,D. R. Karsa,M. R. Porter

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Chemical companies manufacture a wide variety of formulations of surfactants for industrial and domestic use. Detergents, paints, inks, adhesives, cosmetics, dyes, weedkillers, insecticides and ice cream are familiar examples. In addition, there are many formulations of surfactants used by manufacturing industry as essential processing aids; for examples, the paper industry uses defoamers, dispersing aids and release agents; the engineering industry uses anticorrosive treatments and metal-working lubricants. The widespread use of surfactants and their release into the environment has resumed in an upsurge of interest in the biodegradability of these compounds. This volume, written by a team of industrial and academic authors, provides an overview of the science and technology of the subject. It is directed at surfactant chemists, analytical chemists and environmental chemists in the industrial and academic sectors.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum1994-12-31
Mått155 x 235 x 20 mm
Vikt582 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor257
Upplaga1995
FörlagChapman and Hall
ISBN9780751402063

Tillhör följande kategorier

1 Introduction to surfactant biodegradation.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Biodegradability and the replacement of soap in detergent products.- 1.3 Biodegradation, biodegradability testing and interpretation of results.- 1.4 Sewage treatment processes and their significance for surfactants.- 1.5 Biodegradability test methods for surfactants.- 1.6 The replacement of tetrapropylene benzene sulphonate (TPBS).- 1.7 Surfactant biodegradability and legislation.- 1.8 Surfactant analysis.- 1.9 Conclusions and thoughts for the future.- References.- 2 What is biodegradation?.- 2.1 Setting the scene: Microbial nutrition and the carbon cycle.- 2.2 Surfactants as potential microbial nutrients.- 2.3 Surfactant biodegradation in the environment.- 2.4 Laboratory models of surfactant biodegradation.- References.- 3 Biodegradability testing.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Nature of biodegradation and influencing factors.- 3.3 OECD and EEC tests for primary biodegradability of surfactants.- 3.4 List and synopses of existing methods for ultimate biodegradability.- 3.5 Analytical methods.- References.- 4 Testing strategy and legal requirements.- 4.1 Selection of tests: strategy of testing.- 4.2 Validation and interpretation of results.- 4.3 Legal requirements.- References.- 5 Biodegradability of anionic surfactants.- 5.1 General characteristics of anionic surfactants.- 5.2 Application of anionic surfactants and their environmental relevance.- 5.3 Particular structure and application features of anionic surfactants.- 5.4 Biodegradation of anionic surfactants.- References.- 6 Biodegradability of cationic surfactants.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Biodegradability of cationic surfactants in OECD Screening tests.- 6.3 Behaviour of quaternary ammonium salts in waste water treatment plants.- 6.4 Biodegradation routes of quaternary ammonium salts.- References.- 7 Biodegradability of non-ionic surfactants.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Structure of polyglycol surfactants.- 7.3 General biodegradability.- 7.4 Mechanisms of biodegradation.- 7.5 Biodegradation of polyglycols.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8 Biodegradability of amphoteric surfactants.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Structural elements and biodegradation in general.- 8.3 Alkyl betaines.- 8.4 Alkylamido betaines.- 8.5 Sulphobetaines and hydroxysulphobetaines.- 8.6 Alkylamphoacetates.- 8.7 Polycarboxyglycinates.- 8.8 Alkylamphopropionates.- 8.9 Imidazolinium betaines.- Acknowledgements.- References.