Bio-aggregate-based Building Materials

Sofiane Amziane is Professor and head of the Civil Engineering department at POLYTECH Clermont-Ferrand in France. He is also in charge of the research program dealing with bio-based building materials at Blaise Pascal University (Institut Pascal, Clermont Ferrand, France). He is the secretary of the RILEM Technical Committee 236-BBM dealing with bio-based building materials and the author or co-author of over one hundred papers in scientific journals such as Cement and Concrete Research, Composite Structures or Construction Building Materials as well as international conferences. Laurent Arnaud is a Bridges, Waters and Forestry Engineer (Ingénieur des Ponts, Eaux et Forêts) and researcher at Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble, France. He is also Professor at ENTPE (Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat). Trained in the field of mechanical engineering, his research has been directed toward the characterization and development of new materials for civil engineering and construction. He is head of the international committee at RILEM – BBM, as well as the author of more than one hundred publications, and holder of an international invention patent.

• Foreword xiChapter 1. Environmental, Economic and Social Context of Agro-Concretes 1Vincent NOZAHIC and Sofiane AMZIANE1.1. Sustainable development, construction and materials 11.1.1. Environmental impacts of the construction sector 21.2. Standardization and regulation: toward a global approach 31.2.1. Standardization and regulation in force 31.2.2. Limitations of the normative and regulatory framework 51.3. The materials: an increasingly crucial element 71.3.1. Role of the materials in energy consumption 71.3.2. What is a low-environmental-impact material? 71.3.3. Constantly-changing regulations 81.4. The specific case of concretes made from lignocellular particles 91.4.1. Development of agro-concretes in the context of France 101.5. What does the term “Agro-concrete” mean? 131.5.1. General definition 131.5.2. Lignocellular resources 131.5.3. General characteristics of lignocellular agro-resources 151.6. Conclusions 191.7. Bibliography 19Chapter 2. Characterization of Plant-Based Aggregates 27Vincent PICANDET2.1. Microstructure of the shiv particles 282.1.1. Structure of the stem of fibrous plants 282.1.2. SEM observation of hemp shiv particles 302.1.3. Chemistry of the cell walls 312.1.4. Density and porosity, in the case of hemp shiv 352.2. Particle Size Distribution (PSD) 362.2.1. General characteristics of aggregates made from fibrous plants 362.2.2. Fiber content 372.2.3. Methods for characterizing the PSD 382.2.4. PSD analyses 482.2.5. Comparison of the results obtained by image analysis 522.2.6. Characterization of the geometry of the particles 572.2.7. Characterization of the PSD 582.2.8. Conclusions 652.3. Compactness and compressibility 662.4. Water absorption capacity 682.5. Bibliography 69Chapter 3. Binders 75Gilles ESCADEILLAS, Camille MAGNIONT, Sofiane AMZIANE and Vincent NOZAHIC3.1. Portland cements 753.1.1. General 753.1.2. Production 763.1.3. Chemical and mineral composition 773.1.4. Properties 773.1.5. Environmental impacts 843.2. Lime 843.2.1. General 843.2.2. Aerial lime 863.2.3. Natural hydraulic limes 893.3. Lime-pozzolan mixtures 923.3.1. Natural pozzolans 933.3.2. Calcined natural pozzolans: metakaolin 963.3.3. Fly ash 1013.3.4. Blast furnace slag 1033.4. Plaster 1063.4.1. General 1063.4.2. Production 1063.4.3. Chemical and mineralogical composition 1083.4.4. Properties 1083.4.5. Environmental impacts 1103.5. Summary 1103.6. Bibliography 111Chapter 4. Formulation and Implementation 117Christophe LANOS, Florence COLLET, Gérard LENAIN and Yves HUSTACHE4.1. Objectives 1174.1.1. Preamble 1174.1.2. Traditional applications 1194.1.3. Constituents and mixture 1204.1.4. Methods of implementation 1214.2. Rules of formulation 1224.2.1. Basis of usual formulations 1224.2.2. Influence of the proportion of paste in the mixture 1244.2.3. Quality of the paste and water content 1284.2.4. Homogeneity of the paste 1354.2.5. The relationship between formulation and strength 1374.2.6. The relationship between formulation and thermo-hydric properties 1414.3. Examples of formulations 1414.3.1. Origin of the data 1414.3.2. Walling application 1414.3.3. Flooring application 1424.3.4. Roofing application 1424.3.5. Other applications 1424.4. Installation techniques 1434.4.1. Building a wall using formwork 1434.4.2. Application by spraying 1434.4.3. Laying of a floor 1444.4.4. Creating a roof 1444.4.5. Other uses 1454.5. Professional rules for buildings using hempcrete and hemp mortars 1454.5.1. History 1454.5.2. Principles and content of the professional regulations 1464.6. Bibliography 152Chapter 5. Mechanical Behavior 153Laurent ARNAUD, Sofiane AMZIANE, Vincent NOZAHIC and Etienne GOURLAY5.1. Composite material 1535.1.1. Making of the test tubes 1545.1.2. Mechanical behavior 1545.1.3. Effect of initial compression 1575.1.4. Effect of the nature of the binder 1595.1.5. Influence of the binder content 1625.1.6. Influence of the particle size 1645.1.7. Influence of the curing conditions 1655.1.8. Evolution over time 1665.1.9. Interaction between particles and binder 1675.1.10. Anisotropic behavior 1705.2. Modeling of the mechanical behavior 1715.2.1. Empirical approach 1715.2.2. Self-consistent homogenization approach 1735.3. Toward the study of a stratified composite 1745.4. Conclusion 1755.5. Bibliography 176Chapter 6. Hygrothermal Behavior of Hempcrete 179Laurent ARNAUD, Driss SAMRI and Étienne GOURLAY6.1. Introduction 1796.2. Heat conductivity 1806.2.1. Measurement of the conductivity 1816.2.2. Modeling of the heat conductivity in dry and humid conditions 1826.2.3. Heat transfers 1856.3. Hygrothermal transfers 1866.3.1. Experimental device 1866.3.2. Stresses 1896.3.3. Phase changes 1916.3.4. Hygrothermal transfers 1946.3.5. Role of coating products applied to hempcrete 1966.3.6. Conclusions 2006.4. Thermal characterization of various construction materials 2016.4.1. Autoclaved aerated concrete 2026.4.2. Vertically perforated brick 2046.4.3. Hempcrete 2056.4.4. Conclusions 2106.5. Modeling of coupled heat- and mass transfers 2116.5.1. Introduction 2116.5.2. Transfer laws 2126.5.3. Transfer model: the Künzel model 2166.5.4. Determination of the transfer coefficients 2176.5.5. Numerical modeling 2226.6. Conclusions 2356.7. Bibliography 238Chapter 7. Acoustical Properties of Hemp Concretes 243Philippe GLÉ, Emmanuel GOURDON and Laurent ARNAUD7.1. Introduction 2437.2. Acoustical properties of the material on the basis of the main mechanisms 244 7.2.1. Influence of the components 2447.2.2. Influence of the casting method 2497.3. Modeling the acoustical properties 2527.3.1. Physical analysis of the acoustical properties being measured 2537.3.2. The adapted double porosity model and its parameters 2557.3.3. Experimental validation of the model 2577.4. Application of the model to the acoustical characterization of shiv 2587.4.1. Porosity of shiv 2587.4.2. Resistivity 2627.5. Conclusion 2647.6. Bibliography 264Chapter 8. Plant-Based Concretes in Structures: Structural Aspect – Addition of a Wooden Support to Absorb the Strain 267Philippe MUNOZ and Didier PIPET8.1. Introduction 2678.2. Preliminary test 2698.2.1. Description of the panel 2698.2.2. Putting the panel in place on the bracing bank 2708.2.3. Longitudinal loading and measurement of the movements 2718.2.4. Behavior of the test bank 2738.2.5. Behavior of the wooden panel 2748.3. Test on a composite panel of a wooden skeleton and hempcrete 2768.3.1. Description of the panel 2768.3.2. Emplacement of the panel on the bracing bank 2768.3.3. Vertical loading 2798.3.4. Longitudinal loading and measurement of the movements 2808.3.5. Running of the test 2818.3.6. Feature of the ruin of the panel 2838.4. Results and comparative analysis 2858.5. Conclusions and reflections 2878.6. Acknowledgements 2888.7. Bibliography 288Chapter 9. Examination of the Environmental Characteristics of a Banked Hempcrete Wall on a Wooden Skeleton, by Lifecycle Analysis: Feedback on the LCA Experiment from 2005 289Marie-Pierre BOUTIN and Cyril FLAMIN9.1. Introduction 2899.2. Description of the products studied 2919.3. Method for environmental evaluation of bio-sourced materials 2929.4. Lifecycle Analysis on hempcrete – methodology, working hypotheses and results 2949.4.1. Delimitation of the system under study 2949.4.2. Inventory analysis 2989.4.3. Impact evaluation 3039.4.4. Results and interpretation of the lifecycle 3059.5. Interpretations of the lifecycle, conclusions and reflections 3069.6. Bibliography 310List of Authors 313Index 315