BIM Handbook

Rafael Sacks is Professor of Construction Management in the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Technion — Israel Institute of Technology, and Head of the National Building Research Institute. He has taught BIM extensively at both the graduate and undergraduate levels, and is the founder and leader of the BIM and Virtual Construction Laboratory at the Technion. Ghang Lee is Professor and Director of the Building Informatics Group (BIG) in the Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering at Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea. Luciana Burdi is Chief Infrastructure Officer for the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport). She has been a pioneering figure in the integration and implemen­tation of BIM within the public sector in the USA. Since 2004 she has strategically guided multiple organizations through the complexities of BIM adoption and advocated for the transformative potential of Digital Technologies in the design and construction of major public MegaProjects. She is also an Adjunct Professor at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in Worcester MA, USA. Marzia Bolpagni is Associate Director and Head of BIM International at Mace in London, UK. She is also Visiting Professor at Northumbria University and Honorary Associate Professor at University College London, The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, UK.

• Foreword xviiForeword to the First Edition by Jerry Laiserin xxiPreface xxvAcknowledgments xxxiAbout the Companion Website xxxiiiChapter 1 Introduction 11.0 Executive Summary 11.1 Introduction 21.2 AECO Business Models 21.2.1 Design- Bid- Build 41.2.2 Design- Build 71.2.3 Construction Management at Risk 71.2.4 Integrated Project Delivery and Other Collaborative Procurement Models 91.2.5 What Kind of Building Procurement Is Best When BIM Is Used? 111.3 BIM: State- of- the- Art Technologies and Processes 121.3.1 BIM Models 121.3.2 BIM Platforms and Tools 141.3.3 BIM Processes 141.3.4 Uses of BIM 171.3.5 Collaboration in Design and Construction 191.4 BIM as a Lifecycle Information Source for Built Facilities 201.5 What are the Benefits of BIM? What Problems Does it Address? 221.5.1 Preconstruction Benefits to Owner 221.5.2 Benefits for Architectural and Engineering Design 231.5.3 Construction and Fabrication Benefits 261.5.4 Post Construction Benefits 281.6 BIM and Lean Construction 281.7 What Challenges can be Expected? 311.7.1 Challenges with Collaboration and Teaming 311.7.2 Legal Changes to Documentation Ownership and Production 321.7.3 Changes in Practice and Use of Information 321.7.4 Implementation Issues 321.8 Future of Designing, Building, and Operating With BIM 341.9 Case Studies 34Chapter 1 Discussion Questions 34Chapter 2 Core BIM Enabling Technologies 372.0 Executive Summary 372.1 Introduction to Core BIM Enabling Technologies 382.2 The Evolution of Object- Based Parametric Modeling 392.2.1 Birth of 3D Feature- Based Modeling 392.2.2 Object- Based Modeling and Properties 422.2.3 Parametric Modeling and Object Behavior 452.2.4 BIM for Knowledge Embedment and Management 482.3 Interoperability and Interfacing Technologies 502.3.1 Causes of Interoperability Problems 522.3.2 Information Requirements and Data Schemas on Three Levels 532.3.3 Different Kinds of Data Exchange Methods 552.3.4 Interfacing Technologies 582.4 From File- Based Data Exchange to Object- Based Project Management and Collaboration 622.4.1 Advent of BIM Servers 622.4.2 Project Transactions and Synchronization 632.5 BIM Standards 682.5.1 Standardization Efforts and Organizations 682.5.2 Information Framework Standards 702.5.3 Information Management and Requirements Standards 82Chapter 2 Discussion Questions 92Chapter 3 BIM Tools, Platforms, and Environments 933.0 Executive Summary 933.1 BIM Environments, Platforms, and Tools 943.2 BIM Platforms 963.2.1 Considerations for Selecting BIM Platforms 973.2.2 Allplan 1003.2.3 Archicad 1013.2.4 Digital Project, CATIA, and 3DExperience 1023.2.5 OpenBuildings Designer 1043.2.6 Revit 1053.2.7 Tekla Structures 1073.2.8 Vectorworks Design Suite 1083.2.9 AutoCAD- Based Applications 1093.3 BIM Servers 1103.3.1 Functionality of BIM Servers 1113.3.2 BIM Server Products 1143.4 Design Review and Collaboration Tools 1173.4.1 Model Viewers 1183.4.2 Real- Time Rendering for Extended Reality 1193.4.3 Project Collaboration 1203.4.4 Model Checkers 1213.5 Construction Management Tools 126Chapter 3 Discussion Questions 128Chapter 4 BIM for Owners and Facility Managers 1294.0 Executive Summary 1294.1 Introduction: Why Owners Should Care About BIM 1304.2 Owner’s Role in a BIM Project 1344.2.1 Design Assessment 1344.2.2 Complexity of Building Infrastructure and Building Environment 1394.2.3 Time to Market: Schedule Management 1404.2.4 Cost Management and Project Control 1444.2.5 Sustainability 1464.2.6 Facility and Information Asset Management 1474.2.7 BIM and the Public Procurement Process 1494.3 BIM Tool Guides for Owners 1504.3.1 BIM Cost Estimating Tools 1534.3.2 Facility and Asset Management Tools 1534.3.3 Operation Simulation Tools 1554.4 An Owner and Facility Manager’s Building Model 1554.4.1 Information Content of BIM-FM Model 1554.4.2 Alternative Approaches to Creating a BIM-FM Model 1614.4.3 Classification of Model Data and Standards 1644.5 Leading the BIM Implementation on a Project 1664.5.1 Develop Guidelines for Use of BIM on Projects 1674.5.2 Build Internal Leadership and Knowledge 1704.5.3 Service Provider Selection 1714.5.4 Provide for Use of a “Big Room” for Design and Construction 1734.5.5 Adopt and Specify a CDE 1744.6 Challenges for BIM Implementation: Risks and Common Myths 1754.7 Considerations for Owners When Adopting BIM 1794.7.1 Perform a Pilot Project with a Short Time Frame, a Small Qualified Team, and a Clear Goal 1794.7.2 Do a Prototype Dry Run 1794.7.3 Focus on Clear Business Goals 1794.7.4 Select a Project Team That Has Demonstrated Prior BIM Experience 1804.7.5 Establish Metrics to Assess Progress 1804.7.6 Actively Participate in the BIM Effort 1804.7.7 Increase Internal BIM Knowledge 1814.8 BIM for FM Case Study— Korea Airports Corporation 1814.8.1 A Digital Twin for Space Management 1824.8.2 Real-time Air Traffic Monitoring 1824.8.3 Real-time Passenger Monitoring 1854.8.4 Information Quality Checking 1854.8.5 Inspection and Repair Management 185Chapter 4 Discussion Questions 187Chapter 5 BIM for Architects and Engineers 1895.0 Executive Summary 1895.1 Introduction 1915.2 Impact of BIM on Design Services 1945.3 BIM Use in Design and Engineering Processes 1965.3.1 Conceptual Design 1975.3.2 Design Development 2155.3.3 Prefabrication 2245.3.4 Construction Documentation 2245.3.5 Design Review 2305.3.6 Drawing Generation and Document Production 2345.4 Building Object Models and Libraries 2375.4.1 Embedding Expertise into Building Components 2385.4.2 Object Libraries 2405.4.3 BIM Object Portals 2435.5 Considerations in Adoption for Design Practice 2435.5.1 Justification for Information Modeling Cost 2445.5.2 From Conceptual Design to Construction 2465.6 Generative Design: The Yeosu– Namhae Underwater Tunnel 2485.7 Advanced Delivery of Structural Design Information: Nine The Esplanade, Elizabeth Quay Project 2515.7.1 Conventional Delivery of Construction Information 2535.7.2 Advanced Delivery of Construction Information 2535.7.3 BIM Process 2545.7.4 The Impact 257Chapter 5 Discussion Questions 258Chapter 6 BIM for Contractors 2616.0 Executive Summary 2616.1 Introduction 2646.2 Types of Construction Firms 2646.3 Information Contractors Want From BIM 2666.4 BIM-Enabled Process Change 2686.4.1 Virtual Construction 2686.4.2 Leaner Construction 2696.4.3 Paperless Construction 2716.4.4 Increased Distribution of Work 2716.4.5 Digital Twin Construction 2736.5 Developing a Construction Building Information Model 2736.5.1 BIM for Tendering 2766.5.2 Product and Process Detailing 2766.5.3 Big Room Colocation 2806.5.4 Using a Contractor Building Information Model 2826.6 3D: Visualization and Coordination 2836.7 4D: Construction Analysis and Planning 2876.7.1 4D Models to Support Construction Planning 2886.7.2 Benefits of 4D Models 2896.7.3 BIM Tools with 4D Capability 2926.7.4 BIM-Supported Planning and Scheduling Issues and Guidelines 2966.8 5D: Quantity Takeoff and Cost Estimating 2976.8.1 Extracting Quantities from BIM Models for Estimating 2986.8.2 Guidelines and BIM Implementation Issues to Support Quantity Takeoff and Estimating 3006.9 Production Planning and Control 3026.10 Off-Site Fabrication and Modular Construction 3046.11 BIM in the Field 3066.11.1 Delivering Design Information to the Field 3066.11.2 Coordinating Production 3106.11.3 Surveying Site Conditions 3116.11.4 Monitoring Construction Progress 3166.12 Cost and Schedule Control and Other Management Functions 3186.13 Commissioning and Turnover 321Chapter 6 Discussion Questions 322Chapter 7 BIM for Subcontractors and Fabricators 3257.0 Executive Summary 3257.1 Introduction 3267.2 Types of Subcontractors and Fabricators 3287.2.1 Subcontractor Trades 3297.2.2 Made-to-Stock and Made-to-Order Component Suppliers 3317.2.3 Engineered- to-Order Component Fabricators 3327.2.4 Design Service Providers and Specialist Coordinators 3337.2.5 Full-Service Design-Build Prefabricated and Modular Construction 3347.2.6 Design for Manufacture 3347.3 The Benefits of a BIM Process for Subcontractor Fabricators 3357.3.1 Marketing and Tendering 3377.3.2 Reduced Production Cycle Times 3387.3.3 Fewer Design Coordination Errors 3397.3.4 Lower Engineering and Detailing Costs 3437.3.5 Increased Use of Automated Manufacturing Technologies 3447.3.6 Increased Preassembly, Prefabrication, and Modular Construction 3467.3.7 Quality Control, Supply Chain Management, and Lifecycle Maintenance 3477.4 Generic BIM System Requirements for Fabricators 3497.4.1 Parametric and Customizable Parts and Relationships 3507.4.2 Reporting Components for Fabrication 3537.4.3 Interface to Management Information Systems 3547.4.4 Interoperability 3557.4.5 Information Visualization 3557.4.6 Automation of Fabrication Tasks 3577.5 Specific BIM Requirements for Fabrication 3577.5.1 Traditional ETO Component Fabricators 3577.5.2 Modular Construction 3657.5.3 3D Printing and Robotic Construction 3677.6 Adopting BIM in a Fabrication Operation 3687.6.1 Setting Appropriate Goals 3697.6.2 Adoption Activities 3707.6.3 Planning the Pace of Change 3717.6.4 Human Resource Considerations 3737.7 Focchi Group’s Use of BIM for High-End Curtain Wall Design, Fabrication, and Installation 3737.7.1 The Company and Its Services 3737.7.2 BIM Adoption 3767.7.3 Information System Architecture 3777.7.4 Façade Layout Design and Coordination 3787.7.5 Detailed Design for Production of Parts 3817.7.6 Smart Construction Site 3827.7.7 Future Development 383Chapter 7 Discussion Questions 385Chapter 8 Facilitators of BIM Adoption and Implementation 3878.0 Executive Summary 3878.1 Introduction 3888.2 BIM Mandates 3898.2.1 Significance of Government BIM Mandates 3908.2.2 The Status of Government BIM Mandates Around the World 3948.2.3 Motivations 3958.2.4 BIM Requirements 3958.2.5 Challenges and Considerations 3968.3 BIM Roadmaps, Maturity Models, and Measures 3978.3.1 BIM Roadmaps 3978.3.2 BIM Maturity Models 4038.3.3 BIM Measures 4068.4 BIM Guides 4078.4.1 BIM Guides by Region and Organization 4088.4.2 BIM Guides by Topic 4108.5 BIM Education and Training 4118.5.1 Transition of Senior Staff 4128.5.2 BIM Roles and Responsibilities 4138.5.3 Industry Training and Certificate Programs 4168.5.4 University Education Programs 4208.6 Considerations for Adoption and Deployment 4218.7 Legal, Security, and Best Practice Issues 4238.7.1 Legal and Intellectual Property Issues 4238.7.2 Cyber Security for BIM 4268.7.3 Best Practices and Other Social Issues 427Chapter 8 Discussion Questions 428Chapter 9 The Future: Building with BIM 4319.0 Executive Summary 4319.1 Introduction 4339.2 BIM Before 2000: Predicting Trends 4349.3 Development and Impact of BIM from 2000 to 2020 4399.3.1 Impact on Owners: Better Options, Better Reliability 4399.3.2 Impact on the Design Professions 4439.3.3 Impact on Construction Companies 4449.3.4 Impact on Building Material and Component Suppliers 4469.3.5 Impact on Construction Education: Integrated Education 4469.3.6 Impact on Statutory Authorities: Model Access and Review 4469.3.7 Impact on Project Documentation: On-Demand Drawings 4479.3.8 Impact on BIM Tools: More Integration, More Specialization, More Information 4489.4 Current Trends 4499.4.1 Process Trends 4499.4.2 Technology Trends 4539.4.3 Commercial Trends 4559.4.4 Innovation Trends 4569.4.5 Obstacles to Change 4589.5 Vision 2030 4599.5.1 Thoroughly Digital Design 4599.5.2 Artificial Intelligence in Design 4619.5.3 Automated Code Checking 4629.5.4 Support for Sustainable Construction 4639.5.5 Off-site Construction 4659.5.6 Globalization 4669.5.7 AI and Robotics in Construction 4669.5.8 Digital Twin Construction 4689.5.9 Semantically Connected Information 4709.6 BIM Beyond 2030 474Chapter 9 Discussion Questions 477Glossary 479References 489Index 509