Beyond One Health

The EditorsJohn A. Herrmann, DVM, MPH, DACT, is Director of the DVM-MPH Program and the Center for One Health Illinois at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois, USA and Affiliate Professor at the School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Yvette J. Johnson-Walker, DVM, MS, PhD, is Lecturer of Epidemiology at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois, USA.

• List of Contributors xiiiForeword by Chadia Wannous and David Nabarro xviiForeword by Lonnie King xixPreface xxiSection 1 The Science of One Health 11 Epidemiology: Science as a Tool to Inform One Health Policy 3Yvette J. Johnson]Walker and John B. Kaneene1.1 Introduction 31.2 Enhancing Our Understanding of Health and Disease 51.2.1 Causes of Disease 51.2.1.1 Deterministic Models of Disease 61.2.1.2 Hill’s Causal Criteria 71.2.1.3 Multifactorial Models of Disease Causation 81.2.1.4 Breaking the Chain of Transmission 81.2.2 Assessing the Impact of Disease 101.2.3 Natural Course of Disease 131.2.3.1 Reservoirs of Disease 131.2.3.2 Humans as a Reservoir 141.2.3.3 Domestic Animal Reservoirs 141.2.3.4 Wildlife Reservoirs 171.2.3.5 Environmental Reservoirs 171.3 From Understanding Epidemiology to Public Policy 191.3.1 Assessments of Diagnostic Test Reliability 201.3.2 Determination of Safety and Effectiveness of New Treatments and Vaccines 201.3.3 Assessment of Health at the Level of the Individual, Community, or Ecosystem and Establish Standards of Care for Prevention and Treatment Protocols/Programs 211.3.4 Establishing Disease Response Regulations and Control Standards 221.4 Examples of the Benefits of Using a One Health Approach 231.4.1 Overall Summary of Practical Experiences Applying a One Health Approach 25References 282 Health Impacts in a Changing Climate 31Donald J. Wuebbles2.1 Introduction 312.2 Our Changing Climate 322.2.1 Climate Change Effects on Temperature 332.2.2 Climate Change Effects on Precipitation 342.2.3 Climate Change Effects on Severe Weather 372.3 The Basis for a Human Cause for Climate Change 412.4 Twenty]first Century Projections of Climate Change 432.5 Climate and Health 492.5.1 Temperature]Related Death and Illness 492.5.2 Air Quality Impacts 502.5.3 Vector]Borne Diseases 502.5.4 Water]Related Illnesses 522.5.5 Food Safety, Nutrition, and Distribution 522.5.6 Extreme Weather]Related Impacts 542.5.7 Mental Health and Well]being 542.5.8 Climate–Health Risk Factors and Populations of Concern 552.6 Summary and a Look Forward 55References 563 Food Safety and Security 61Megin Nichols, Lauren Stevenson, Casey Barton Behravesh, and Robert V. Tauxe3.1 Evolution of Food Production 613.2 Foodborne Illness 633.3 A One Health Approach to Foodborne Illness Detection and Response 683.4 Antibiotic Resistance and Food Safety 753.5 Zoonotic Disease and Foodborne Pathogens 783.6 Outbreak Response Communication 80References 834 Water Security in a Changing World 89Jeffrey M. Levengood, Ari Hörman, Marja]Liisa Hänninen, and Kevin O’Brien4.1 Introduction 894.2 Waterborne Pathogens and Contaminants : Technologies for Drinking Water Treatment and Management of Water Safety 904.2.1 Waterborne Pathogens 904.2.2 Antibiotic]Resistant Bacteria in Source and Drinking Water 914.2.3 Chemical Hazards in the Drinking Water 934.2.4 Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Raw Water Sources 934.2.5 Water Treatment Methods 934.2.5.1 Thermal Treatment 944.2.5.2 Chemical Disinfection 944.2.5.3 Filtration 954.2.5.4 Other Treatment Methods 964.2.6 Surveillance for Waterborne Diseases 964.2.7 Requirements for Drinking Water Quality 964.2.8 Water Safety Plans (WSPs) 974.3 The Water/Energy/Food Nexus: Mitigating Global Risks 994.3.1 Water/Energy Nexus 994.3.1.1 Nuclear 1024.3.1.2 Coal 1034.3.1.3 Natural Gas 1034.3.1.4 Renewables 1034.3.1.5 Water/Energy Nexus Summary 1044.3.2 Water/Food Nexus 1044.3.2.1 Water/Food Nexus Summary 1074.3.3 Water/Energy/Food Nexus: Summary and Next Steps 107Acknowledgments 108References 1085 One Toxicology, One Health, One Planet 115Daniel Hryhorczuk, Val R. Beasley, Robert H. Poppenga, and Timur Durrani5.1 Introduction 1155.1.1 History 1155.1.2 Toxic Chemicals in Our Environment 1175.1.3 One Toxicology 1185.2 Key Concepts 1205.2.1 Dose]Response Relationships 1205.2.2 Differences in Susceptibility 1205.2.3 Periods of Increased Susceptibility 1225.2.4 Receptors 1225.2.5 Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics 1235.3 Ecotoxicology and Human Exposures 1245.3.1 Everyday Toxicology and Ecotoxicology: Contrasts, Complexities, and Challenges 1245.3.2 Toxicant Fate in the Environment 1255.3.3 Contrasts in Feasibility: Examinations and Interventions 1295.3.4 Indirect Effects of Chemicals 1325.3.5 Direct Immunotoxicity and Indirectly Mediated Immunosuppression 1375.3.6 Neurotoxicity 1385.3.7 Endocrine Disruption 1385.3.8 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity 1405.4 Toxicological Risk Assessment and One Health 1415.4.1 Risk Assessment 1415.4.2 Regulatory Toxicology 1415.4.3 One Health and One Toxicology on One Earth 1425.5 Conclusions 143References 1446 Biodiversity and Health 153Dominic A. Travis, Jonathan D. Alpern, Matteo Convertino, Meggan Craft, Thomas R. Gillespie, Shaun Kennedy, Cheryl Robertson, Christopher A. Shaffer, and William Stauffer6.1 Introduction 1536.2 Connectivity 1556.2.1 Biodiversity as an Indicator of Health 1556.2.2 Social Factors 1586.3 Grand Challenges, Development Goals, Global Health Security, and Ecosystem Health 1596.3.1 The Case of Agriculture, Food Security, and Biodiversity 1616.3.2 The Case of Wildlife Trade, Bushmeat, and Biodiversity 1626.3.3 The Case of Infectious Diseases and Biodiversity 1656.3.4 The Case of Climate Change, Conflict, and Human and Animal Migration 1666.4 Conclusions and a Way Forward 1686.4.1 The Application of Complexity Science and Technology Tools to Optimize Health and Environmental Outcomes 168References 1707 Emerging Infectious Diseases: Old Nemesis, New Challenges 177Ronald C. Hershow and Kenneth E. Nusbaum7.1 Introduction 1777.2 Rabies 1807.2.1 Natural History 1807.2.2 The Epizoology of Rabies Virus 1817.2.3 Global Burden 1817.3 Avian Influenza 1827.3.1 Natural History 1827.3.2 Recent Outbreaks 1837.4 Zika Virus 1867.5 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) 1887.6 Summary 189Acknowledgments 190References 1908 Reigning Cats and Dogs: Perks and Perils of Our Courtship with Companion Animals 195Sandra L. Lefebvre and Robert V. Ellis8.1 Introduction 1958.2 Benefits and Hazards of Human]Pet Relationships 1978.2.1 Physical and Mental Health 1978.2.1.1 Impacts on Humans 1978.2.1.2 Impacts on Pets 2008.2.2 Overweight and Obesity 2028.2.3 Feeding Practices and Illness 2038.2.3.1 Human Illness Related to Pet Feeding Practices 2038.2.3.2 Pet Illness Related to Feeding Practices 2058.2.4 Infectious Disease Transmission 2068.2.4.1 Companion Animal]to]Human Transmission 2068.2.4.2 Human]to]Companion Animal Transmission 2168.2.5 Pets, People, and Antimicrobial Resistance 2168.2.6 Social and Community Health 2218.2.7 Domestic Health and Violence 2238.3 Interactions Among Humans, Pets, and the Environment 2238.3.1 Working Dogs 2238.3.2 Environmental Toxicants 2248.3.3 Pets and the External Environment 2258.3.4 Disaster Preparedness 2278.3.5 Climate Change 2288.3.6 Zoonotic Disease Surveillance for Both People and Pets 2288.4 Conclusion 229Disclaimer 230References 2309 Zoological Institutions and One Health 243Thomas P. Meehan and Yvonne Nadler9.1 Introduction 2439.2 Zoos, Aquariums, and Field Conservation 2439.3 Zoos, Aquariums, and the Care of Animals 2449.4 Social Aspects of Zoos and Aquariums 2459.5 Zoonotic Disease Challenges: Protecting Visitors, Staff, and Animals 2469.6 Case Studies in One Health from Zoological Institutions 2499.6.1 West Nile Virus: A Case Study for the One Health Paradigm 2499.6.1.1 Emergence of West Nile Virus in North America 2499.6.1.2 Centers for Disease Control: ArboNET 2509.6.1.3 A Failure of Early Coordination 2519.6.1.4 Lessons Learned from the West Nile Virus Outbreak, 1999 2529.6.1.5 Zoological Institutions as Forerunners to the ‘One Health’ Paradigm 2539.6.1.6 Zoological Parks as Sentinels for Human Disease 2539.6.1.7 A Model for Sentinel Surveillance: The Zoological WNV Surveillance Project 2549.6.1.8 Lessons Learned from the Zoological WNV Surveillance Project 2549.6.1.9 The Role of Zoological Institutions in Preparing for Pandemics 2559.6.2 The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus, 1999 2559.6.2.1 Consequences of HPAI Detection in a Zoological Institution 2569.6.2.2 The Association of Zoos and Aquariums Prepares for HPAI 2579.6.2.3 Lessons Learned from HPAI Surveillance System 2589.7 Conclusion 259References 260Section 2 Four Perspectives on One Health Policy 26510 One Health Leadership and Policy 267William D. Hueston, Ed G.M. van Klink, and Innocent B. Rwego10.1 Introduction and Definitions 26710.2 Grand Challenges in Health (aka “Wicked Problems”) 26710.3 Implications of Grand Challenges for One Health Leadership 26810.4 Critical Competencies for One Health Leadership 26810.5 Policy]Making with One Health in Mind 26910.6 Integrating One Health Leadership Approaches in Hierarchical Organizations 27010.7 Demonstrating One Health Leadership and Policy in Action 27110.8 Case Study 1: National One Health Policy Development in Cameroon and Rwanda 27210.8.1 Cameroon 27210.8.2 Rwanda 27210.9 Case Study 2: The Campaign for Global Elimination of Dog]Mediated Human Rabies 27310.10 Case Study 3: Antimicrobial Resistance – USA 274References 27611 Implementing One Health 277Laura H. Kahn11.1 Financing One Health Initiatives 27711.2 Conclusion 279References 27912 The Social Cost of Carbon 281William J. Craven12.1 Introduction 28112.2 Some Context on Cost]Benefit Analyses 28212.3 The Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) 28212.3.1 Looking at Costs 28312.3.2 Getting the SCC as Good as it Can Get 28512.4 Current Challenges to Reducing and Mitigating the Effects of Climate Change 287References 28813 Complex Problems, Progressive Policy Solutions, and One Health 291John A. Herrmann13.1 One Health as Prevention 29113.1.1 Successes 29113.1.2 Failures 29213.2 Translating Science: Risk Communication and Science Literacy 29313.2.1 Communication of Science 29413.2.2 Liberal Education and the Sciences 29513.2.3 Community Empowerment and Participatory Democracy 29913.3 The Economics of One Health 30013.4 From Here to There 302References 302Section 3 Conclusion 30514 The Long and Winding Road 307John A. Herrmann and Yvette J. Johnson]Walker14.1 One Health: Many Facets, All Interrelated 30714.2 One Health Policy Development 31014.2.1 Policy Basics and Challenges to Enacting One Health]based Policies 31014.2.2 Microeconomic One Health Dilemmas 31114.2.3 One Health Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases: Macroeconomic Dilemmas 31214.2.4 The Long and Winding Road Forward 313References 321Index