Basic Statistics for Social Research

ROBERT A. HANNEMAN is a professor of sociology at the University of California, Riverside.AUGUSTINE J. KPOSOWA is a professor of sociology at the University of California, Riverside.MARK D. RIDDLE is the Director of Institutional Research at Antioch University Los Angeles.

• Tables and Figures ixPreface xvAbout the Authors xixPart I Univariate Description 1Chapter 1 Using Statistics 3Why Study Statistics? 4Tasks for Statistics: Describing, Inferring, Testing, Predicting 4Statistics in the Research Process 9Basic Elements of Research: Units of Analysis and Variables 14Chapter 2 Displaying One Distribution 25Summarizing Variation in One Variable 26Frequency Distributions for Nominal Variables 26Frequency Distributions for Ordinal Variables 32Frequency Distributions for Interval/Ratio Variables 38Summarizing Data Using Excel 43Chapter 3 Central Tendency 81The Basic Idea of Central Tendency 82The Mode 83The Median 88The Mean 95Chapter 4 Dispersion 113The Basic Idea of Dispersion 114Dispersion of Categorical Data 115Dispersion of Interval/Ratio Data 121Chapter 5 Describing the Shape of a Distribution 149The Basic Ideas of Distributional Shape 150The Shape of Nominal and Ordinal Distributions 152Unimodality 158Skewness 163Kurtosis 169Some Common Distributional Shapes 175Chapter 6 The Normal Distribution 187Introduction to the Normal Distribution 188Properties of Normal Distributions 189The Standard Normal, or Z, Distribution 192Working with Standard Normal (Z) Scores 194Finding Areas “Under the Curve” 197Part II Inference and Hypothesis Testing 209Chapter 7 Basic Ideas of Statistical Inference 211Introduction to Statistical Inference 212Sampling Concepts 214Central Tendency Estimates 219Assessing Confidence in Point Estimates 229Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing for One Sample 247Hypothesis Testing 248The Testing Process 250Tests about One Mean 258Tests about One Proportion 267Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing for Two Samples 279Comparing Two Groups 280Comparing Two Groups’ Means 280Comparing Two Groups’ Proportions 289Non independent Samples 296Using Excel for Two-Sample Tests 301Interpreting Group Differences 302Chapter 10 Multiple Sample Tests of Proportions: Chi-Squared 313Comparing Proportions across Several Groups 314Testing for Multiple Group Differences 315Describing Group Differences 327Chapter 11 Multiple Sample Tests for Means: One-Way ANOVA 337Comparing Several Group Means with Analysis of Variance 338Analyzing Variance and the F-Test 339Analyzing Variance 342The F-Test 350Comparing Means 356Part III Association and Prediction 369Chapter 12 Association with Categorical Variables 371The Concept of Statistical Association 372Association with Nominal Variables 375Association with Ordinal Variables 391Chapter 13 Association of Interval/Ratio Variables 425Visualizing Interval/Ratio Association 426Significance Testing for Interval/Ratio Association 434Chapter 14 Regression Analysis 453Predicting Outcomes with Regression 454Simple Linear Regression 454Applying Simple Regression Analysis 465Multiple Regression 469Applying Multiple Regression 474Chapter 15 Logistic Regression Analysis 489Predicting with Nonlinear Relationships 490Logistic Regression 492The Logistic Regression Model 492Interpreting Effects in Logistic Regression 493Estimating Logistic Regression Models with Maximum Likelihood 495Applying Logistic Regression 496Assessing Partial Effects 498Extending Logistic Regression 499AppendixChi-Squared Distribution: Critical Values for Commonly Used Alpha=0.05 and Alpha=0.01 505F-Distribution: Critical Values for Commonly Used Alpha=0.05 and Alpha=0.01 507Standard Normal Scores (Z-Scores), and Cumulative Probabilities (Proportion of Cases Having Scores below Z) 511Student’s t-Distribution: Critical Values for Commonly Used Alpha Levels 517Index 519