Atlas of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology

Bernard Koong is a highly experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologist practicing full time multimodality clinical radiology. He is a founding partner of Envision Medical Imaging, a multidisciplinary fully comprehensive private radiology group in Australia and also consults internationally. He has personally reported over 200,000 radiological studies involving a wide variety of imaging techniques.Having completed his specialist training in oral and maxillofacial radiology at the University of Toronto, Bernard now holds the position of Clinical Professor at the University of Western Australia, where he coordinates and delivers the oral and maxillofacial radiology lectures for the undergraduate and postgraduate courses. He also has a long history of providing oral and maxillofacial radiology courses for other universities as well as surgery and radiology programmes across Australasia. As an invited speaker, Bernard has presented more than 100 lectures to the dental and medical professions internationally, and is a member of the Editorial Board of Clinical Oral Implant Research.

• List of Contributors, xiPreface, xiiAcknowledgements, xiiiHow to Use This Atlas, xiv1 Problem Solving Diagrams, 11.1 Opaque and largely opaque conditions related to the jaws, 1Common conditions, 1Less common conditions, 11.2 Lucent lesions of the jaws, 2Common conditions, 2Less common conditions, 21.3 Mixed density lesions of the jaws, 3Common conditions, 3Less common conditions, 32 Radiological Anatomy, 42.1 The panoramic radiograph, 42.2 Identification of teeth – FDI (Fédération Dentaire Internationale) World Dental Federation notation, 82.3 Cone beam computed tomography, 11Axial, 11Sagittal, 18Coronal, 223 Anomalies Related to the Teeth, 283.1 Supernumerary teeth, 283.2 Congenital absence, 303.3 Delayed and early development/eruption, 313.4 Ectopic development and eruption, 323.5 Impaction, 363.6 Macrodontia, 403.7 Microdontia, 413.8 Dilaceration, 423.9 Enamel pearl, 423.10 Talon cusp, 433.11 Dens invaginatus, 443.12 Dens evaginatus, 453.13 Taurodontism, 453.14 Fusion, 463.15 Gemination, 473.16 Concrescence, 473.17 Amelogenesis imperfecta, 483.18 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 493.19 Dentin dysplasia, 503.20 Secondary and tertiary dentin, 513.21 Pulp stones, 523.22 Hypercementosis, 534 Conditions Related to Loss of Tooth Structure, 544.1 Caries, 54Interproximal caries, 54Pit and fissure caries, 54Root caries, 554.2 Attrition, 594.3 Abrasion, 604.4 Erosion, 614.5 Internal resorption, 614.6 External resorption, 624.7 Fracture related to trauma, 635 Inflammatory Lesions of the Jaws, 645.1 Periapical inflammatory lesions, 64Post-treatment appearances of periapical lesions, 65Re-establishment of normal periapical structures, 65Variant trabecular architecture, 65Fibrous healing, 65Periapical osseous prominence at the maxillary sinus base, 665.2 Periodontal inflammatory disease, 745.3 Pericoronitis, 835.4 Osteomyelitis of the jaws, 865.5 Dentoalveolar and jaw infections involving the adjacent soft tissues, 886 Osteoradionecrosis and Osteonecrosis of the Jaws, 926.1 Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws, 926.2 Osteonecrosis of the jaws, 967 Hamartomatous/Hyperplastic Bony Opacities and Prominences Involving the Jaws, 977.1 Torus palatinus, 977.2 Torus mandibularis, 987.3 Exostoses, 1007.4 Bone island, 1018 Cysts and Cyst-like Lesions Involving the Jaws, 108Odontogenic cysts and cyst -like lesions, 1088.1 Radicular cyst, 1088.2 Residual cyst, 1148.3 Dentigerous cyst, 1158.4 Buccal bifurcation cyst, 1228.5 Keratocystic odontogenic tumour, 1248.6 Basal cell naevus syndrome, 1278.7 Lateral periodontal cyst, 1288.8 Glandular odontogenic cyst, 130Non-odontogenic cysts and cyst -like lesions, 1308.9 Simple bone cyst, 1308.10 Nasopalatine duct cyst, 1368.11 Nasolabial cyst, 1389 Fibro-osseous Lesions of the Jaws, 1409.1 Fibrous dysplasia, 1409.2 Cemento-osseous dysplasia, 1459.3 Ossifying fibroma, 15010 Benign Tumours Involving the Jaws, 153ODONTOGENIC BENIGN TUMOURS, 15310.1 Ameloblastoma, 15310.2 Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour, 15910.3 Odontoma, 16010.4 Ameloblastic fibroma, 16210.5 Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, 16310.6 Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour, 16510.7 Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour, 16610.8 Odontogenic myxoma, 16710.9 Cementoblastoma, 169NON-ODONTOGENIC BENIGN TUMOURS INVOLVING THE JAWS, 17010.10 Osteoma, 17010.11 Gardner syndrome, 17310.12 Osteochrondroma, 17410.13 Schwannoma (within the jaws), 17410.14 Osteoblastoma, 17510.15 Osteoid osteoma, 17610.16 Desmoplastic fibroma, 17711 Malignant Tumours Involving the Jaws, 17811.1 Imaging of malignancies involving the jaws, 17811.2 Radiological features of malignancies involving the jaws, 17811.3 Features of some malignancies which more commonly involve the jaws, 17912 Vascular Anomalies of the Mid- and Lower Face, 191VASCULAR TUMOURS (PROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS), 19112.1 Haemangioma, 19112.2 Other lesions included in this grouping, 193VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS, 193Complications, 19312.3 Low-flow lesions, 193Venolymphatic malformations or lymphangiomas, 193Capillary malformations, 193Venocavernous malformations, 19412.4 High-flow lesions, 197Arteriovenous malformations, 19713 Other Diseases Affecting the Jaws, 19913.1 Central giant cell granuloma, 19913.2 Cherubism, 20313.3 Aneurysmal bone cyst, 20413.4 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 20513.5 Paget disease of bone, 20814 Other Morphological Anomalies Involving the Jaws, 21014.1 Hemimandibular hyperplasia, 21014.2 Acromegaly, 21214.3 Mandibular and hemimandibular hypoplasia, 21214.4 Stafne defect, 21414.5 Cleft lip and palate, 21615 Other Systemic Disorders that may Involve the Jaws, 21915.1 Osteopenic appearance of the jaws, 21915.2 Increased density of the jaws, 22115.3 Alterations in jaw size, 22115.4 Changes to jaw morphology, 22115.5 Dentoalveolar alterations, 22116 Common Opacities in the Orofacial Soft Tissues, 22216.1 Tonsillar calcifications, 22216.2 Lymph node calcifications, 22416.3 Stylohyoid ligamentous ossification, 22516.4 Thyroid and triticeous cartilage calcifications, 22616.5 Arterial calcifications related to arteriosclerosis, 22816.6 Phlebolith, 23116.7 Sialoliths, 23116.8 Paranasal and nasal calcifications, 23616.9 Myositis ossificans, 23617 Trauma and Fractures, 238TEETH AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES, 23817.1 Subluxation, 23817.2 Luxation, 23917.3 Avulsion, 24017.4 Fracture of teeth, 241FACIAL BONES, 24517.5 Mandibular fractures, 24517.6 N asal fracture, 24717.7 Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, 24817.8 Orbital blow-out fracture, 24817.9 Le Fort fractures, 249Le Fort I, 249Le Fort II, 249Le Fort III, 24917.10 Other complex facial fractures, 24918 Temporomandibular Joints, 25018.1 Imaging the temporomandibular joints, 250Panoramic radiograph, 250Other plain film studies and dedicated conventional tomography, 250Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 250Multidetector (multislice) computed tomography (MDCT), 250Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 25018.2 Condylar hyperplasia, 25018.3 Coronoid hyperplasia, 25218.4 Condylar hypoplasia, 25318.5 Bifid condyle, 25518.6 Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint, 25618.7 Ganglion cysts, 26118.8 Degenerative joint disease, 26218.9 Inflammatory and erosive arthropathies, 26818.10 Osteochrondroma, 27018.11 Malignant tumours, 27118.12 Synovial chondromatosis, 27218.13 Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, 27318.14 Ankylosis, 27418.15 Other lesions affecting the temporomandibular joints, 27518.16 Other non-temporomandibular joint conditions contributing to pain/dysfunction in the region of the temporomandibular joint and related structures, 27519 Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Impressions, 277NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES, 27719.1 N ormal variations and developmental anomalies, 277Variations in pneumatisation, 277Accessory ethmoid air cells, 277Aberrant transiting structures, 277Accessory ostia, 277Aberrant anatomical position, 277Others, 27719.2 Odontogenic conditions and dentoalveolar lesions, 28019.3 Findings related to dental procedures, 280Oroantral communication, 280Tooth displacement, 280Dental implants, 282Periapical osseous healing, 28219.4 Inflammatory paranasal sinus disease, 284Acute rhinosinusitis, 284Chronic rhinosinusitis, 286Silent sinus syndrome, 287Mucous retention cysts, 287Sinonasal mucoceles, 288Fungal rhinosinusitis, 289Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, 289Sinonasal mycetoma, 290Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, 291Sinonasal polyposis, 292Antrochoanal polyps, 293Granulomatous sinonasal inflammatory disease, 293Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener granulomatosis), 294Sarcoidosis, 294Nasal cocaine necrosis, 29519.5 Neoplastic disease, 296Benign tumours, 296Juvenile angiofibroma, 296Sinus osteoma, 296Sinonasal inverting papilloma, 297Sinonasal cancers, 297Sinonasal SCCa, 298Sinonasal adenocarcinoma, 300Minor salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma, 300Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, 300Esthesioneuroblastoma or olfactory neuroblastoma, 301Lymphoma, 302PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY IMPRESSIONS, 30319.6 Summary of causes of nasopharyngeal narrowing, 30319.7 Summary of causes of oropharyngeal narrowing, 30319.8 Malignant disease, 303Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 303Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, 30419.9 Benign entities, 305Tornwald cyst, 305Tortuous carotid arteries, 305Lingual thyroid, 305Foreign body ingestion, 30719.10 Inflammatory lesions, 307Tonsil hypertrophy and adenoid hypertrophy, 307Retention cysts, 307Tonsillitis, 308Tonsillar and peritonsillar abscess, 309Retropharyngeal space abscess, 310Acute longus colli tendinitis, 31019.11 Retropharyngeal adenopathy, 31120 The Skull Base, 312CONSTITUTIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATIONS, 31220.1 Ossification of the interclinoid ligaments, 31220.2 Benign notochordal cell tumour (ecchordosis physaliphora), 31320.3 Persistence of the craniopharyngeal canal, 31420.4 Arrested pneumatisation of the skull base, 31520.5 Meningoencephaloceles, 31620.6 Nasolacrimal duct mucocele (dacryocystocele), 31720.7 Empty sella syndrome, 318LESIONS OF THE SKULL BASE, 31920.8 Pituitary macroadenoma, 31920.9 Clival chordoma, 32020.10 Skull base meningioma, 32120.11 Skull base metastasis, 32320.12 Chondrosarcoma, 32420.13 Lymphoma, 32520.14 Skull base plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma, 32620.15 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 32720.16 Fibrous dysplasia, 32720.17 Paget disease, 32820.18 Petrous apex lesions, 329EXPANSION OF SKULL BASE FORAMINA, 33120.19 Nerve sheath tumours, 33120.20 Perineural metastatic disease, 33221 The Cervical Spine, 333CONGENITAL VARIATIONS, 333DEGENERATIVE DISEASE, 33621.1 Cervical spondylosis, 33621.2 Diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis, 33721.3 Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, 338INFLAMMATORY AND DEPOSITIONAL CONDITIONS, 33921.4 Rheumatoid arthritis, 33921.5 Ankylosing spondylitis, 34021.6 Osteomyelitis/discitis/facetal septic arthritis, including tuberculosis, 341TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS, 34221.7 Metastatic tumours, 34221.8 Multiple myeloma, 34421.9 Aneurysmal bone cysts, 34421.10 Peripheral nerve sheath tumours, 345Index, 347