Asymptomatic Osseous Variations of the Postcranial Human Skeleton

Emeline Verna is a lecturer in Biological Anthropology at the Université d'Aix-Marseille, France. Her specialties include human osteology and her research focuses on human skeletal variability and anatomical variations in particular.

• Foreword ixPreface xiAcknowledgments xiiiIntroduction xvChapter 1 The Upper Limb 11.1 Clavicle 21.1.1 Perforation of the clavicle 21.1.2 Coracoclavicular joint 41.1.3 Duplication of the acromial extremity 61.1.4 Costoclavicular sulcus 71.2 Scapula 91.2.1 Coracoclavicular joint 91.2.2 Suprascapular foramen 111.2.3 Suprascapular notch 131.2.4 Unfused acromial epiphysis 151.2.5 Circumflex sulcus 171.2.6 Acromial articular facet 191.3 Humerus 211.3.1 Septal aperture 211.3.2 Supracondyloid process 241.3.3 Supracondyloid tunnel 251.3.4 Translucency of the septum 271.4 Radius 281.4.1 Radial tuberosity orientation 281.4.2 Double distal radial articular facet 301.5 Ulna 311.5.1 Medial trochlear notch 321.5.2 Lateral trochlear notch 331.5.3 Trochlear groove 35Chapter 2 The Thorax 372.1 Sternum 382.1.1 Sternal cleft 382.1.2 Non-fusion of sternebrae 402.1.3 Misplaced manubrium-mesosternal joint 422.1.4 Sternal foramen 432.1.5 Manubriosternal fusion 452.1.6 Manubrium foramen 472.1.7 Xiphoid foramen 482.1.8 Single xiphoid process 502.1.9 Bifurcated xiphoid process 512.1.10 Triple xiphoid process 532.1.11 Absence of the xiphoid process 542.1.12 Suprasternal bones 552.2 Ribs 562.2.1 Cervical rib 562.2.2 Lumbar rib 582.2.3 Bifid rib 602.2.4 Costal fusion 622.2.5 Sacral rib 642.2.6 Intrathoracic rib 652.2.7 Absence of the 12th rib 67Chapter 3 The Vertebral Column 693.1 First cervical vertebra (atlas) 703.1.1 Posterior atlas bridge 703.1.2 Lateral atlas bridge 723.1.3 Retroarticular bridge 733.1.4 Occipitalization 753.1.5 Anterior atlas arch deficiency 763.1.6 Posterior atlas arch deficiency 773.1.7 Double condylar facet 793.1.8 Spina bifida occulta 803.2 Second cervical vertebra (axis) 823.2.1 Os odontoideum 823.3 Cervical vertebra 843.3.1 Open transverse foramen 843.3.2 Double transverse foramen 863.3.3 Bifid spinous process 883.4 Spine 903.4.1 Spina bifida occulta 903.4.2 Butterfly vertebra 913.4.3 Spondylolysis 933.4.4 Transitional vertebra 953.4.5 Sacralization 96Chapter 4 The Pelvic Girdle 994.1 Sacrum 1004.1.1 Lumbarization 1004.1.2 Spina bifida occulta 1024.1.3 Butterfly vertebra 1034.1.4 Accessory hip facet 1054.2 Coxal bone 1064.2.1 Accessory hip facet 1074.2.2 Pubic spine 1084.2.3 Acetabular mark 109Chapter 5 The Lower Limb 1135.1 Femur 1145.1.1 Supracondylar apophysis 1145.1.2 Fabella 1155.1.3 Third trochanter 1175.1.4 Hypotrochanteric fossa 1195.1.5 Allen’s fossa 1205.1.6 Posterior cervical (acetabular) imprint 1225.1.7 Poirier’s facet 1245.2 Patella 1255.2.1 Dorsal defect 1265.2.2 Bipartite patella 1275.2.3 Vastus notch 1295.3 Tibia 1315.3.1 Lateral squatting facet 1315.3.2 Medial squatting facet 1325.4 Talus 1345.4.1 Lateral squatting facet 1345.4.2 Medial squatting facet 1365.4.3 Os trigonum 1385.4.4 Bifid inferior articular facet 1395.5 Calcaneus 1415.5.1 Calcaneus secondarius 1415.5.2 Absence of the anterior articular surface of the talus 1435.5.3 Bipartite anterior facet 1445.5.4 Extension of the posterior articular facet 1465.5.5 Peroneal trochlea 1485.5.6 Retrotrochlear eminence 1495.6 The foot 1515.6.1 Os tibiale 1515.6.2 Os peroneum 153Appendix AOVs versus Pathologies 155References 159Index 171