Artificial Materials

Olivier Vanbésien received a doctorate in quantum devices in 1991. He then joined the Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) and was appointed Professor of Electronics at Lille University in France in November 2000. His interests concern metamaterials and photonic crystals, exploring abnormal refraction from terahertz down to optics.

• Introduction xiPART 1. A FEW FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 1Chapter 1. Definitions and Concepts 31.1. Effective parameters of materials 31.2. Terminology of artificial materials 61.3. Negative refraction: stakes and consequences 81.4. Bibliography 11Chapter 2. The Metamaterial Approach – Permeability and Permittivity Engineering 132.1. Background history 132.2. An imbricated lattice approach 172.3. Cell approach 232.4. Alternative approach: Mie resonances 312.5. Bibliography 33Chapter 3. Photonic Crystal Approach – Band Gap Engineering 373.1. Historical background 373.2. Study tool: band structure 393.3. 2D ½ photonic crystals 443.4. A few words on three-dimensional photonic crystals 533.5. Conclusion: metamaterials or photonic crystals? 553.6. Bibliography 56Chapter 4. Transformation Optics 594.1. Context 594.2. Method description 604.3. Bibliography 69PART 2. MATERIALS USED IN A BAND GAP REGIME 71Chapter 5. Point and Extended Defects in Photonic Crystals 735.1. Context 735.2. Defect zoology 745.3. Selectivity of photonic crystal microcavities 775.4. Waveguiding in photonic crystals 825.5. Slowing down light 905.6. Bibliography 92Chapter 6. Routing Devices made from Photonic Crystals 956.1. The building brick: the add/drop filter 956.2. A few photonic crystal approaches 986.3. Interference-based couplers 1006.4. Conclusion 1176.5. Bibliography 117Chapter 7. Single Negative Metamaterials 1217.1. Context 1217.2. ENGs: negative permittivity materials 1227.3. MNGs: negative permeability materials 1287.4. What of frequency-selective surfaces? 1327.5. Bibliographyc 135PART 3. MATERIALS IN AN ABNORMAL REFRACTION REGIME (N < 1 AND N < 0) 137Chapter 8. Two-dimensional Microwave Balanced Composite Prism 1398.1. Why use a microwave prism? 1398.2. Conception and sizing of a balanced composite lattice 1408.3. Two-dimensional prism 1478.4. Bibliography 154Chapter 9. Metal-dielectric Materials – from the Terahertz to the Visible 1579.1. From the terahertz to the infrared 1579.2. A backward propagation line at terahertz frequency 1589.3. From “nano”-resonators to “fishnets” 1639.4. Three-dimensional metamaterials 1729.5. Bibliography 174Chapter 10. Abnormal Refraction in Photonic Crystals 17710.1. Context 17710.2. (An)isotropy in photonic crystals 17810.3. Exploiting anisotropy 18510.4. Focalization and negative refraction: looking for isotropy 18910.5. Bibliography 194Chapter 11. A Photonic Crystal Flat Lens at Optical Wavelength 19711.1. A bit of background 19711.2. How to define a typical prototype at optical wavelengths 19811.3. Lens optimization: impedance and resolution 20111.4. Experiments 21311.5. Reverse engineering: from a two-dimensional prototype to three-dimensional reality 21811.6. Conclusion 22111.7. Bibliography 222Chapter 12. Wave-controlling Systems – Towards Bypass and Invisibility 22512.1. “Transformation optics” or “dispersion engineering” 22512.2. Component approaches for controlling waves 22612.3. Invisibility at terahertz frequencies: Mie resonances 24112.4. An alternative with the photonic crystal: the butterfly 24612.5. Perspectives 25012.6. Bibliography 250PART 4. MOVING TOWARD APPLICATIONS 253Chapter 13. Guiding, Filtering and Routing Electromagnetic Waves 25513.1. Context 25513.2. Guiding: propagation lines and tunable phase shifters 25613.3. Filtering 26613.4. Metamaterial-based routing 27313.5. Conclusion 27613.6. Bibliography 276Chapter 14. Antennas 27914.1. Towards the miniaturization of transmission/reception systems 27914.2. Directivity engineering 28014.3. Subwavelength sizing 29314.4. Conclusion 29814.5. Bibliography 299Chapter 15. Optics: Fibers and Cavities 30115.1. Optical issues: the privileged domain of photonic crystals 30115.2. Microstructured optical fibers 30215.3. Toward zero threshold lasers 31015.4. Bibliography 318Chapter 16. Detection, Imaging and Tomography Systems 32116.1. From detection to imaging 32116.2. Terahertz sensors 32216.3. Direct approach for imaging 32616.4. Detection and image reconstruction 32816.5. A vast field to explore 33716.6. Bibliography 339Conclusion 341Index 345