Aquaculture Production Systems

James H. Tidwell is Professor and Chair of the Division of Aquaculture at the Aquaculture Research Center at Kentucky State University.

• Contributors xiPreface xivAcknowledgments xvi1 The Role of Aquaculture 3James H. Tidwell and Geoff Allan1.1 Seafood demand 31.2 Seafood supply 41.3 Seafood trade 61.4 Status of aquaculture 71.5 Production systems 121.6 The future and the challenge 131.7 References 132 History of Aquaculture 15Robert R. Stickney and Granvil D. Treece2.1 Beginnings of aquaculture 162.2 Expansion prior to the mid-1800s 172.3 The explosion of hatcheries 182.4 Art becomes science 202.5 Commercial finfish species development 232.6 Shrimp culture 332.7 Mollusk culture 422.8 Controversy 432.9 References 443 Functions and Characteristics of All Aquaculture Systems 51James H. Tidwell3.1 Differences in aquatic and terrestrial livestock 513.2 Ecological services provided by aquaculture production systems 533.3 Diversity of aquaculture animals 533.4 Temperature classifications of aquacultured animals 543.5 Temperature control in aquaculture systems 563.6 Providing oxygen in aquaculture systems 583.7 Waste control in aquaculture systems 593.8 Aquaculture systems as providers of natural foods 613.9 References 624 Characterization and Categories of Aquaculture Production Systems 64James H. Tidwell4.1 Open systems 654.2 Semi-closed systems 684.3 Closed systems 734.4 Hybrid systems 754.5 References 775 Shellfish Aquaculture 79Robert Rheault5.1 Major species in culture (oysters, clams, scallops, mussels) 805.2 History 815.3 Biology 845.4 Culture basics 865.5 Extensive versus intensive culture 885.6 Spat collection: hatchery, nursery, growout 895.7 Cultured algae 915.8 Spawning 925.9 Larval development 935.10 Setting 945.11 Nursery and growout scale considerations 965.12 Nursery methods 975.13 Growout methods 1005.14 Fouling 1045.15 Fouling control strategies 1045.16 Predation 1055.17 Harvest 1065.18 Food safety 1075.19 Shellfish diseases 1085.20 Disease management options 1085.21 Genetics: selective breeding 1095.22 Triploidy 1105.23 Harmful algal blooms 1105.24 Site selection 1115.25 Carrying capacity 1125.26 Permitting challenges 1135.27 Nonnative species 1145.28 References 1156 Cage Culture in Freshwater and Protected Marine Areas 119Michael P. Masser6.1 Current status of cage culture 1216.2 History and evolution of cage culture 1226.3 Advantages and disadvantages of cages 1236.4 Site selection 1246.5 Stocking cages 1256.6 Feeding caged fish 1266.7 Polyculture and integrated systems 1266.8 Problems with cage culture 1276.9 Economics of cage culture 1296.10 Sustainability issues 1296.11 References 1307 Ocean Cage Culture 135Richard Langan7.1 The context for open ocean farming 1357.2 Characterization and selection of open ocean sites 1377.3 Technologies for open ocean farming 1397.4 Finfish species cultivated in open ocean cages 1487.5 Environmental considerations 1497.6 Future prospects and challenges 1537.7 References 1548 Reservoir Ranching 158Steven D. Mims and Richard J. Onders8.1 Reservoir ranching vs. culture-based fisheries 1588.2 Reservoir 1598.3 Natural processes of reservoirs 1608.4 Selection of reservoirs for reservoir ranching 1628.5 Fish species selection 1648.6 Stocking density and size 1658.7 Status of reservoir ranching around the world 1668.8 Summary 1708.9 References 1719 Flow-through Raceways 173Gary Fornshell, Jeff Hinshaw, and James H. Tidwell9.1 Types of raceways 1749.2 Physical requirements 1779.3 Water requirements 1799.4 Carrying capacity 1809.5 Water consumption and waste management 1839.6 Feeding and inventory management 1869.7 Summary 1879.8 References 18910 Ponds 191Craig Tucker and John Hargreaves10.1 Species cultured 19310.2 Pond types 19510.3 Water use 19810.4 Pond culture intensity and ecological services 20110.5 Food in pond aquaculture 20210.6 Life support in pond aquaculture 20810.7 Land use and the ecological footprint of pond aquaculture 22210.8 Consequences of unregulated algal growth 22710.9 Practical constraints on pond aquaculture production 23010.10 Comparative economics of culture systems 23410.11 Sustainability issues 23710.12 Trends and research needs 24010.13 References 24211 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems 245James M. Ebeling and Michael B. Timmons11.1 Positive attributes 24611.2 Overview of system engineering 24711.3 Culture tanks 24911.4 Waste solids removal 25011.5 Cornell dual-drain system 25011.6 Settling basins and tanks 25211.7 Mechanical filters 25211.8 Granular media filters 25311.9 Disposal of the solids 25411.10 Biofiltration 25411.11 Choice of biofilter 25811.12 Aeration and oxygenation 25911.13 Carbon dioxide removal 26111.14 Monitoring and control 26211.15 Current system engineering design 26211.16 Recirculation system design 26311.17 Four major water-treatment variables 26511.18 Summary of four production terms 26811.19 Stocking density 27011.20 Engineering design example 27011.21 Conclusion 27611.22 References 27712 Biofloc-based Aquaculture Systems 278Craig L. Browdy, Andrew J. Ray, John W. Leffler, and Yoram Avnimelech12.1 Bioflocs 28012.2 Oxygen dynamics 28412.3 Resuspension, mixing, and sludge management 28712.4 Nitrogenous waste products 29012.5 Temperature 29612.6 Feeds and feeding 29712.7 Economics 29912.8 Sustainability 30012.9 Outlook and research needs 30212.10 Acknowledgment 30312.11 References 30313 Partitioned Aquaculture Systems 308D. E. Brune, Craig Tucker, Mike Massingill, and Jesse Chappell13.1 High rate ponds in aquaculture—the partitioned aquaculture system 31113.2 PAS fingerling production 32413.3 Flow-through PAS: the controlled eutrophication process 32613.4 Photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic PAS for marine shrimp production 32913.5 Alabama in-pond raceway system 33113.6 Mississippi split-pond aquaculture system 33313.7 California pondway system 33613.8 References 34014 Aquaponics—Integrating Fish and Plant Culture 343James E. Rakocy14.1 System design 34514.2 Fish production 34914.3 Solids 35214.4 Biofiltration 35714.5 Hydroponic subsystems 36014.6 Sump 36214.7 Construction materials 36314.8 Component ratios 36414.9 Plant growth requirements 36614.10 Nutrient dynamics 36814.11 Vegetable selection 37214.12 Crop production systems 37314.13 Pest and disease control 37514.14 Approaches to system design 37614.15 Economics 38014.16 Prospects for the future 38214.17 References 38315 In-pond Raceways 387Michael P. Masser15.1 Development of the in-pond raceway 38815.2 Stocking and feeding 39015.3 Backup systems and disease treatments 39115.4 Comparison to other culture systems 39115.5 Sustainability issues 39315.6 Future trends 39315.7 References 39316 On the Drawing Board 395James H. Tidwell16.1 Future trends 39516.2 References 412Index 415

“The book provides both a valuable introduction to aquaculture for new students or the curious layman and serves as an indispensable reference for the seasoned academic or industry professional seeking the latest comprehensive information addressing aquaculture production systems and how they interact with the environment.”  (Journal of aquatic Food Product Technology, 27 February 2013)“It will, however, be a useful resource for students and early-career aquaculture scientists. In addition, the book should be of interest to non-aquaculture professionals and practitioners who wish to have a compilation volume that gives concise overviews of the production systems that are used to farm aquatic animals.”  (Aquaculture International, 1 October 2012)