Applied and Industrial Photochemistry

Bernd Strehmel is working in Research and Development at Kodak Graphic Communications GmbH in Germany. Having obtained his academic doctoral degree from the former Technical University of Merseburg, he took several research appointments at the Technical University of Berlin, Stanford University, Humboldt University, Center for Photochemical Sciences at Bowling Green State University, and Potsdam University before he started his industrial work at Kodak in Germany. He finished his habilitation in Physical Chemistry at Humboldt University in 2003, and has taught Industrial Photochemistry since 2005. He has been the author of several peer-reviewed publications, review articles, and patents.Veronika Strehmel is working in the Institute of Chemistry at Potsdam University in Germany. Having obtained her academic doctoral degree from the former Technical University of Merseburg, she took research appointments at Stanford University and Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg before she has continued her academic carrier at Potsdam University in 2001. She also finished her habilitation in Macromolecular Chemistry 2000 and has taught applied aspects of polymer chemistry emphasizing on photopolymerization and ionic liquids. She has been the author of several peer-reviewed publications, review articles, and patents.John Malpert has worked for the past decade at Spectra Group Limited (SGL) in Millbury, Ohio. SGL is small research and development company that specializes in bringing photochemistry to the market place with products ranging from UV/vis formulation products, color-on-demand products and visible and UV/visible patented photoinitiators. John is a native of North Dakota, obtaining his undergraduate degree from the University of North Dakota in 1991. He then went on to Iowa State University where he obtained his Ph.D. in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, specializing in using photochemistry to affect chemical transformations. He then went on to pursue his post-doctoral studies at the Center for Photochemical Sciences at Bowling Green State University. He has been the author of several publications and patents.

• 1 Introduction to Applied and Industrial Photochemistry2 Photochemical and Photophysical Processes and Their Function in Industrial Applications2.1 Use of Optical Irradiation for Photochemistry in Applied and Industrial Processes2.1.1 Availability of Optical Irradiation2.1.2 Optical Irradiation for Applied and Industrial Photoprocesses2.1.3 Absorption Law under Industrial Exposure Conditions2.1.4 Scattering in Photochemical Industrial Manufacturing2.2 Photophysical Primary Processes in Applied and Industrial Processes2.2.1 General Remarks about Photophysical Processes in Industrial Applications2.2.2 Linear Absorption 2.2.3 Nonlinear Absorption 2.2.4 Triplet States2.2.5 Nonradiative Deactivation2.2.6 Radiative Deactivation2.2.7 Excimers and Exciplexes2.2.8 Energy Transfer and Spectral Sensitization2.2.9 Dimers, Trimers and Aggregates2.3 Photochemical Reactions in Applied and Industrial Processes2.3.1 General Remarks about Photochemical Reactions in Industrial Applications2.3.2 Photofragmentation2.3.3 Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Spectral Sensitization2.3.4 Photocycloaddition2.3.5 Photochromism2.3.6 Singlet Oxygen2.3.7 Chemiluminescence2.3.8 Photoconductivity2.3.9 Photoinhibition/Photostabilization3 Light sources3.1 Conventional Light Sources3.2 Laser3.3 Light Emitting Diode3.4 Solar Energy4 Photoinduced Synthesis from a Technological Point of View4.1 Exposure Condition in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems 4.1.1 Photochemistry in Batch Reactors4.1.2 Photochemistry in Thin-Layer Reactors4.1.3 Exposure of Thin Films4.1.4 Photochemistry in Microreactors4.2 Industrial Applications4.2.1 Photohalogenation4.2.2 Photonitrosation4.2.3 Photosulfochlorination and Photosulphoxidation4.2.4 Photooxidation4.2.5 Photochemical Ring Opening5 Photopolymers5.1 Direct Photocrosslinking5.1.1 General Principle5.1.2 Industrial Importance5.2 Radical Photopolymerization5.2.1 General Principle5.2.2 Photoinitiators5.2.3 Monomers5.2.4 Additives and Fillers5.2.5 Characterization of Photopolymers5.2.6 Applied and Industrial Applications of Photopolymers5.3 Cationic Photopolymerization5.3.1 General Principle5.3.2 Photoinitiators 5.3.3 Monomers5.3.4 Additives and Fillers5.3.5 Characterization of Photopolymers5.3.6 Applied and Industrial Applications of Photopolymers5.3.7 Hybrid Systems5.4 Base Catalyzed Induced Photopolymerization5.4.1 General Principle 5.4.2 Photoinitiatores 5.4.3 Monomers5.4.4 Additives and Fillers5.4.5 Characterization of Photopolymers5.4.6 Applied and Industrial Applications of Photopolymers5.4.7 Hybrid Systems6 Information Recording and Information Storage6.1 Exposure Techniques6.1.1 Mask Techniques6.1.2 Mask-less Techniques and Digital Exposure6.2 Characterization of Information Recording Systems6.2.1 Gradation6.2.2 Modulation Transfer Function6.2.3 Spatial Resolution6.3 Information Recording Systems Based on Silver Halides6.3.1 Photographic Process6.3.2 Black and White Photography6.3.3 Color Photography6.3.4 Manufacturing of Information Recording Materials based on Silver Halide Systems6.3.5 Applied and Industrial Applications6.4 Information Systems without Silver Halides6.4.1 Diazo Systems6.4.2 Azide Systems6.4.3 Autogene Systems6.4.4 Photopolymers6.4.5 Applied and Industrial Applications6.5 Optical Data Storage6.5.1 Holography6.5.2 Prerecorded Optical Data Storage Media6.5.3 Recordable Optical Data Storage Media6.5.4 Rewritable Optical Data Storage Media6.5.5 Magneto-optical Data Storage Media6.5.6 Applied and Industrial Applications7 Lithography7.1 Characterization of Photolithographic Systems7.2 Etching7.3 Ablation7.4 Macrolithography 7.5 Microlithography and Stereolithography7.6 Nanolithography7.7 Applied and Industrial Applications8 Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)8.1 General Principle and Construction of OLEDs8.1.1 One-Layer OLED8.1.2 Multi-Layer OLED8.1.3 Quantification of Photophysical and Photochemical Processes8.2 Materials8.2.1 Electrode Materials8.2.2 Emitter Materials8.2.3 Hole Transporting Materials8.2.4 Encapsulation Materials8.3 Industrial Applications and Future Trends9 Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy9.1 Principles9.1.1 Conversion into Heat9.1.2 Conversion into Chemical Energy9.1.3 Conversion into Electrical Energy9.2 Construction of Solar Cells9.2.1 Inorganic Systems9.2.2 Organic Systems9.3 Reliability and Future Trends10 Other Applications10.1 Photodynamic Therapy10.2 Photochemistry in Forensic Sciences10.3 Optical Filters10.4 Optical Brightener10.5 Green Photochemistry11 Appendix11.1 Units11.2 Conversions