Antiquity

Frederick G. Naerebout is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Ancient History of Leiden University. He is the author of Attractive Performances: Ancient Greek Dance; three preliminary studies (1997).Henk W. Singor was until his retirement in 2012 Associate Professor of Ancient History the Department of Ancient History at Leiden University.

• List of Figures ixList of Maps xiPreface xiiiPart I Introduction 11.1 Sources and Chronology 3 Sources 3 Chronology 71.2 The Ecology of History 11 Physical Geography 11 Agriculture and the Pre-Industrial Economy 13 Demography 20Part II Before 900 BC 252.1 Prehistory 27 Paleolithic 27 Neolithic 322.2 Early Civilizations in Eurasia 36 The Rise of Distinct Civilizations 36 Peoples and Languages 41 Western Asia and Egypt in the Bronze Age 45 The Aegean and Southern Europe in the Bronze Age 52Part III 900–500 BC 593.1 A Historical Outline 61 Eurasian Communities 61 The Greek World 71 Italy and Western Europe 863.2 The Social Fabric 93 Economic Life 93 Social Hierarchy 97 Political Organization 1023.3 Daily Life and Mentality 109 The Individual and Society 109 Men and Women 113 Religion, Philosophy, and Scholarship 117Part IV 500–300 BC 1294.1 A Historical Outline 131 Eurasian Communities 131 The Greek World 139 Italy and the West 1494.2 The Social Fabric 152 Economic Life 152 Social Hierarchy 159 Political Organization 1634.3 Daily Life and Mentality 169 The Individual and Society 169 Men and Women 175 Religion, Philosophy, and Scholarship 178Part V 300 BC–1 AD 1895.1 A Historical Outline 191 Eurasian Communities 191 The Greek World 200 Italy and the West 2215.2 The Social Fabric 241 Economic Life 241 The Social Hierarchy 252 Political Organization 2625.3 Daily Life and Mentality 269 The Individual and Society 269 Men and Women 277 Religion, Philosophy, and Scholarship 279Part VI 1 AD–500 AD 2916.1 A Historical Outline 293 Eurasian Communities 293 The Roman Empire 298 The Greek East and the Latin West 3086.2 The Social Fabric 314 Economic Life 314 Social Hierarchy 321 Political Organization 3276.3 Daily Life and Mentality 333 The Individual and Society 333 Men and Women 341 Religion, Philosophy, and Scholarship 343Part VII After 500 AD 3677 The 6th Century and Later 369 Eurasian Communities 369 The Byzantine East 378 The Christian Church 382 Islam 387 The Ancient Heritage 390Appendices 395 Classical Athens 396 The Classical Roman Republic 397 Imperial Rome: The Principate 398 Imperial Rome: The Dominate 399 Hellenistic Rulers 400 Roman Emperors 402 Philosophers 403 Scholars and Scientists 405 Poets and Prose Writers 407 Christian Authors 409CHRONOLOGY 411Suggestions for Further Reading 419Index 433