Anti-Mycotoxin Strategies for Food and Feed

Deepa Nagaraju, Research Associate, Molecular Mycotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. Sreenivasa Marikunte Yanjarappa, Professor, Molecular Mycotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. Premila N. Achar, Associate Professor, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA. Angel Medina Vaya, Professor in Applied Mycology and Director of Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, U.K.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xviiIntroduction 1References 51 Strategies for the Control of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Species in Contaminated Food and Feed 7Premila N. Achar, Quenton Kritzinger , and Santosh SharmaGraphical Representation 81.1 Introduction 81.2 Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxin Types in Food and Feed 81.3 Distribution of Aflatoxin Contamination Across the Globe 91.4 Aflatoxin Limits in Food and Feed 91.5 Aflatoxin Biosynthesis 111.6 Aflatoxin Mitigation 111.7 Physical Strategies to Control Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxins 141.8 Chemical Strategies to Control Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxins 171.9 Biologicals as a Control Strategy Against Aspergillus spp. and Aflatoxins 181.10 Summary 211.11 Future Implications 221.12 Study Questions 222 Advanced Anti-Fumonisin Strategies in Food and Feed 31N. Deepa, Angel M. Vaya, and M.Y. SreenivasaGraphical Representation 322.1 Introduction 322.2 Occurrence and Distribution 332.3 Toxicity and Its Effects 332.4 Physical Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 362.5 Chemical Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 412.6 Biological Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 422.7 Recent Advanced Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 442.8 Summary 462.9 Future Implications 462.10 Study Questions 463 Innovative Strategies to Decontaminate Ochratoxin A in Food and Feed 59Priyanthi Chandravarnan, Dominic Agyei, and Azam AliGraphical Representation 603.1 Introduction 603.2 Production of OTA in Fungi 623.3 Occurrence and Distribution 633.4 OTA Toxicity and Its Effects on Humans and Animals 643.5 Recent Strategies Used in OTA Decontamination 653.6 Summary 743.7 Future Implications 753.8 Study Questions 764 Patulin-Effective Mitigation Strategies in Food and Feed 83S. Divyashree, G. Adithi, B. Shruthi, and M.Y. SreenivasaGraphical Representation 844.1 Introduction 844.2 Occurrence and Distribution of Patulin 854.3 Effect of both Pre- and Post-harvest Stages 864.4 Mitigation Strategies Against Patulin Mycotoxin 884.5 Detoxification of Patulin 944.6 Degradation Products of Patulin 974.7 Binding Methods 984.8 Future Implications 994.9 Summary 994.10 Study Questions 995 Trichothecenes: Toxigenic Effects and Detoxification Strategies 109Monica C. Paul and Regina S. DassGraphical Representation 1105.1 Introduction 1105.2 Structure and Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes 1125.3 Occurrence and Distribution 1135.4 Toxic Effects of Trichothecenes 1135.5 Detoxification Methods of Trichothecenes 1155.6 Physical Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecene Toxins 1165.7 Chemical Method for Trichothecene Detoxification 1195.8 Biological Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecenes 1225.9 Advanced Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecenes 1245.10 Summary 1245.11 Future Implications 1255.12 Study Questions 1256 Citrinin: A Potential Mycotoxin in Food and Feed with Possible Management Strategies to Combat Its Contamination 133Kadaiah Ajithkumar, Attihalli S. Savitha, Matapati Renuka, and Manjunath K. NaikGraphical Representation 1346.1 Introduction 1346.2 Occurrence and Distribution of Citrinin 1356.3 Toxicity and Its Effects of Citrinin in Animals, Birds, and Humans 1376.4 Effects of Both Pre- and Post-Harvest Stages on Citrinin Production 1396.5 Physical Control Measures Against Citrinin 1396.6 Chemical Control Measures Against Citrinin 1436.7 Biological Control Measures Against Citrinin 1446.8 Detoxification/Degradation/Binding Methods of Citrinin 1466.9 Summary 1476.10 Future Implications 1476.11 Study Questions 1477 Detoxification and Control Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed 155Rouaa Daou, André El Khoury, and Ali AtouiGraphical Representation 1567.1 Introduction 1567.2 Occurrence and Distribution 1577.3 Physical Detoxification and Decontamination Methods 1587.4 Chemical Detoxification and Decontamination Methods 1627.5 Biological Detoxification and Decontamination Methods 1647.6 Summary 1657.7 Future Implications 1697.8 Study Questions 1708 Decontamination and Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol – An Emetic Toxin of Food and Feed 177Prakash Sumalatha and Pavagada K. Maheshwar8.1 Introduction 1788.2 Deoxynivalenol 178Graphical Representation 1798.3 Occurrence and Distribution 1808.4 Toxicological Effects of Deoxynivalenol 1818.5 Prevention Strategies Against Deoxynivalenol 1828.6 Biological Control Agents (BCA) 1868.7 Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol 1868.8 Summary 1918.9 Future Implications 1918.10 Study Questions 1929 Strategies for the Management and Mitigation of Nivalenol Contamination in Food and Feed 201Theresa S.R. Mahadevarao and Raghavendra M. PuttaswamyGraphical Representation 2029.1 Introduction 2029.2 Biochemistry and Occurrence 2039.3 Distribution of NIV Contamination in Food and Feed 2049.4 Nivalenol Biogenesis 2059.5 Effects of Ecological Factors on Nivalenol Production 2069.6 Nivalenol Tolerance Limits 2079.7 Detection Methods of Nivalenol 2079.8 Recent Management and Mitigation Strategies against Nivalenol 2089.9 Summary 2129.10 Future Perspective 2139.11 Study Questions 21310 Innovative Strategies in the Control of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Food and Feed 223Thippeswamy Basaiah, Ankita B. Nayak, and Sowmya H. VeerannaGraphical Representation 22410.1 Introduction 22410.2 Occurrence and Distribution 22510.3 Toxicity and Its Effects 22510.4 Detoxification Strategies Against Trichothecene 22610.5 Advances in Detoxification Strategies of Trichothecene 23110.6 Summary 23310.7 Future Implications 23410.8 Study Questions 23411 Ergot Alkaloids and Anti-Mycotoxin Strategies in Food and Feed 237Agriopoulou SofiaGraphical Representation 23811.1 Introduction 23811.2 Occurrence and Distribution 24011.3 Effects of both Pre- and Post-Harvest Stages 24111.4 Recent Strategies Against Ergot Alkaloid Mycotoxins 24211.5 Physical Control 24211.6 Chemical Control 24411.7 Biological Control 24411.8 Detoxification Methods of Ergot Alkaloids 24511.9 Summary 24611.10 Future Perspective 24611.11 Study Questions 247Acknowledgments 247Conflict of Interest 247Author Contributions 247References 247Further Reading 253Websites 254Index 255