Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses

Lori Asprea, MS, LVT, Assistant Professor, Clinical Coordinator of Veterinary Technology, Long Island University, USA.

• Preface xAcknowledgments xiAbout the Companion Website xiiSection 1 Anatomy 11 Directional and Anatomical Terms 3Introduction 3Directional Terms 4Additional Terminology 4Review Questions 112 Anatomy of the Common Integument 13Introduction 13Skin 13Pads 15Haircoat 16Claws 18Hooves and Horns 18Review Questions 203 Anatomy of the Senses 21Introduction 21General Senses 21Special Senses 22Anatomy of Taste 22Anatomy of Smell 22Anatomy of Hearing 23Anatomy of Equilibrium 24Anatomy of Vision 25Review Questions 284 Skeletal Anatomy 29Introduction 29Vocabulary 29Bone Categories 29The Skeleton 31The Appendicular Skeleton 31The Thoracic Limb 31The Pelvic Limb 33The Pelvis 34The Axial Skeleton 36The Skull 36The Ribs and Sternum 38The Vertebrae 40The Named Vertebrae 41Equines 42Bovines 43Bird Bones 43The Bone That Isn’t 43Review Questions 445 Joint Anatomy 47Introduction 47Movement 47Joint Types 48Fibrous Joints 48Cartilaginous Joints 48Synovial Joints 49The Skull 50The Ribs and Vertebral Column 51The Pelvis and The Hip 51The Shoulder and Thoracic Limb 51The Pelvic Limb 52Review Questions 536 Muscle Anatomy 55Introduction 55Cellular Anatomy 55Skeletal Muscle 57The Head and Neck 58The Thorax 58The Dorsum 60The Abdomen 60The Pelvis 60The Limbs 61The Thoracic Limb 61The Pelvic Limb 62Smooth Muscle 63Review Questions 647 Anatomy of the Nervous System 67Introduction 67The Neuron 67The Synapse 68The Meninges 68The Brain 69The Cerebrum 69The Cerebellum 70The Brainstem 70Diencephalon 70The Blood–BrainBarrier 70Cranial Nerves 71The Spinal Cord 72Peripheral Nervous System 73Review Questions 748 Anatomy of the Endocrine System 77Introduction 77The Hypothalamus 77The Pituitary 77Pineal Gland 78The Peripheral Endocrine System 78The Thyroid 78The Parathyroid 78The Adrenals 79The Pancreas 79The Gonads 79The Kidney 80The Gastrointestinal Tract 80The Thymus 80Review Questions 819 Anatomy of the Urinary Tract 83Introduction 83The Kidneys 83The Nephron 84The Ureters 86The Urinary Bladder 86The Urethra 87Avian 87Review Questions 8810 Cardiovascular Anatomy 89Introduction 89The Heart 89The Exterior of the Heart 90The Interior of the Heart 91Peripheral Circulation 92Arteries 92Veins 93Lymphatics 93The Named Arteries 94The Named Veins 96Review Questions 9811 Respiratory Anatomy 101Introduction 101Entry into the Respiratory System 101The Larynx 102The Trachea and Lungs 103The Pleura 104The Anatomy of Breathing 104Species Differentiation 104Clinical Considerations 105Review Questions 10612 Gastrointestinal Anatomy 107Introduction 107Canines and Felines 107The Oral Cavity 107Dentition 108The Pharynx and Esophagus 110The Stomach 111The Liver 112The Intestines 112Species Variation 114Review Questions 11613 Reproductive Anatomy 119Introduction 119The Female 119The Male 122Review Questions 125Section 2 Physiology 12714 The Cell and Hematology 129Introduction 129Mammalian Cell Anatomy 129The Production of Energy 130Mammalian Cell Boundaries 131Hematology 132Red Blood Cells 132Platelets 132White Blood Cells 132Review Questions 13415 Functions of the Common Integument 137Introduction 137Skin 137Protection 137Thermoregulation 138Hydration 139Other Functions 139Clinical Considerations 139Glands 140Hair 141The Pads 142Claws, Nails, and Hooves 142Antlers, Horns, and Beaks 142Review Questions 14316 Sensory Physiology 145Introduction 145Receptors and Signals 145The Visual System 146Structures of the Eye 146Function of the Eye 147Proprioception and Equilibrium 148The Auditory System 149The Olfactory System 149The Gustatory System 150The Tactile System 150Specialized Receptors 150Review Questions 15117 Osteology 153Introduction 153The Growth of Bones 153Bone Marrow 154Cartilage 155Avians 155Review Questions 15618 Physiology of Joints 159Introduction 159The Immoveable Joints 159The Moveable Joints 160Connective Tissues 160The Synovial Joint 161Review Questions 16219 Muscle Physiology 165Introduction 165Striated Muscle 165The Generation of a Muscle Contraction 166Skeletal Muscle versus Cardiac Muscle 167Adenosine Triphosphate 167The Basis of Speed 168Non-StriatedMuscle 168Innervation 169Review Questions 17020 Neurophysiology 171Introduction 171The Neuron 171The Action Potential 173Signal Transmission 174Central and Peripheral Functions 175The Brain 175The Autonomic Nervous System 176Review Questions 17821 Endocrine Physiology 181Introduction 181Endocrine Glands 181Regulation of Hormones 181Hormone Types 182Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 183The Anterior Pituitary 183The Posterior Pituitary 184The Thyroid Gland 184Parathyroid Gland 186The Adrenal Gland 187The Pancreas and Insulin 188Other Endocrine Activities 189Prostaglandins and Pheromones 189Review Questions 19022 Renal Physiology 193Introduction 193The Nephron 193Renal Excretion and Reabsorption of Water 195Acid–BaseBalance 196Blood Pressure and the Renal System 196Uremia 197Anemia and the Kidney 197Species Differences 198Review Questions 19823 Cardiovascular Physiology 201Introduction 201Cardiac Muscle 201The Heartbeat 202De-andRepolarization 202Cardiac Conduction System 202Rhythm 203Cardiac Output 204Flow Through the Heart and Back 205Vasculature 206Blood Pressure 206Autonomic Nervous System Involvement 207The Lymphatic System 208Review Questions 20924 Respiratory Physiology 211Introduction 211The Basics 211Ventilation and Temperature 212Residual Capacity 213Thoracic Pressure 213The Nervous System and Respiration 213The Rhythmicity of Breathing 214Gas Exchange 214Hemoglobin 215Carbon Dioxide 216Chemoreceptors 216Mechanisms to Increase Oxygenation 217Species Differences 217Review Questions 21825 Digestive Physiology 221Introduction 221The Entryway 221Teeth 222Moving Toward the Stomach 222The Stomach 223Entering the Small Intestine 224The Colon 226The Liver 226Species Differentiation 227Review Questions 22826 Reproductive Physiology 231Introduction 231The Female 231Hormonal Control 232Other Factors Affecting the Estrous Cycle 233The Male 233Fertilization and Pregnancy 234Parturition 235Review Questions 236Appendix 1 Dissection Notes 239Appendix 2 The Cranial Nerves 241Appendix 3 Selected Muscle Origins and Insertions 243Appendix 4 Common Abbreviations 245Glossary 251References 255Index 257