Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites

Inbunden, Engelska, 2017

Av Bhagwan D. Agarwal, Lawrence J. Broutman, K. Chandrashekhara, Bhagwan D. (Indian Institute of Technology) Agarwal, Lawrence J. (Illinois Institute of Technology) Broutman, K. (University of Missouri-Rolla) Chandrashekhara, Bhagwan D Agarwal, Lawrence J Broutman

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Updated and expanded coverage of the latest trends and developments in fiber composite materials, processes, and applicationsAnalysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, Fourth Edition features updated and expanded coverage of all technical aspects of fiber composites, including the latest trends and developments in materials, manufacturing processes, and materials applications, as well as the latest experimental characterization methods.Fiber reinforced composite materials have become a fundamental part of modern product manufacturing. Routinely used in such high-tech fields as electronics, automobiles, aircraft, and space vehicles, they are also essential to everyday staples of modern life, such as containers, piping, and appliances. Little wonder, when one considers their ease of fabrication, outstanding mechanical properties, design versatility, light weight, corrosion and impact resistance, and excellent fatigue strength. This Fourth Edition of the classic reference�the standard text for composite materials courses, worldwide�offers an unrivalled review of such an important class of engineering materials.Still the most comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of the mechanics, materials, performance, analysis, fabrication, and characterization of fiber composite materials available, Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, Fourth Edition features: Expanded coverage of materials and manufacturing, with additional information on materials, processes, and material applicationsUpdated and expanded information on experimental characterization methods�including many industry specific testsDiscussions of damage identification techniques using nondestructive evaluation (NDE)Coverage of the influence of moisture on performance of polymer matrix composites, stress corrosion of glass fibers and glass reinforced plastics, and damage due to low-velocity impactNew end-of-chapter problems and exercises with solutions found on an accompanying websiteComputer analysis of laminatesNo other reference provides such exhaustive coverage of fiber composites with such clarity and depth. Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, Fourth Edition is, without a doubt, an indispensable resource for practicing engineers, as well as students of mechanics, mechanical engineering, and aerospace engineering.Visit the Companion Website at: https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-830336.html

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2017-12-12
Mått160 x 231 x 36 mm
Vikt771 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor576
Upplaga4
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119389989

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Maskinteknik och material inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

BHAGWAN D. AGARWAL, PHD, is a former Vice President of engineering services at Bodycote PolymerBroutman Laboratory, and Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Dean of Research and Development at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. LAWRENCE J. BROUTMAN, PHD, is an independent consultant and founder of L.J. Broutman & Associates. K. CHANDRASHEKHARA, PHD, is Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Director of the Composite Manufacturing Laboratory at the Missouri University of Science and Technology.

Preface xvAbout the Companion Website xvii1 Introduction 11.1 Definition 11.2 Classification 21.3 Particulate Composites 21.4 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 51.5 Applications of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 7Exercise Problems 15References 162 Fibers, Matrices, and Fabrication of Composites 172.1 Reinforcing Fibers 172.1.1 Glass Fibers 192.1.2 Carbon and Graphite Fibers 252.1.3 Aramid Fibers 292.1.4 Boron Fibers 302.1.5 Other Fibers 312.2 Matrix Materials 332.2.1 Polymers 332.2.2 Metals 442.3 Fabrication of Fiber Composite Products 452.3.1 Fabrication with Thermosetting Resin Matrices 452.3.2 Fabrication with Thermoplastic Resin Matrices 592.3.3 Sandwich Composites 612.3.4 Fabrication with Metal Matrices 632.3.5 Fabrication with Ceramic Matrices 64Suggested Reading 653 Micromechanics of Unidirectional Composites 673.1 Introduction 673.1.1 Nomenclature 683.1.2 Volume and Weight Fractions 683.2 Longitudinal Loading: Deformation, Modulus, and Strength 703.2.1 Model 703.2.2 Deformation under Small Loads 713.2.3 Load Sharing 743.2.4 Behavior beyond Initial Deformation 763.2.5 Failure Mechanism and Longitudinal Strength 783.2.6 Factors Influencing Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness 803.3 Transverse Loading: Modulus and Strength 833.3.1 Model 833.3.2 Elasticity Methods of Stiffness Prediction 853.3.3 Halpin–Tsai Equations for Transverse Modulus 863.3.4 Transverse Strength 893.4 Shear Modulus 923.5 Poisson’s Ratios 963.6 Expansion Coefficients and Transport Properties 973.6.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients 973.6.2 Moisture Absorption and Expansion Coefficients 993.6.3 Transport Properties 1003.7 Failure of Unidirectional Composites 1053.7.1 Microscopic Failure Events 1053.7.2 Failure under Longitudinal Tensile Loads 1083.7.3 Failure under Longitudinal Compressive Loads 1113.7.4 Failure under Transverse Tensile Loads 1153.7.5 Failure under Transverse Compressive Loads 1163.7.6 Failure under In-Plane Shear Loads 1203.8 Typical Properties of Unidirectional Fiber Composites 120Exercise Problems 121References 1264 Short-Fiber Composites 1294.1 Introduction 1294.2 Load Transfer to Fibers 1304.2.1 Simplified Analysis of Stress Transfer 1304.2.2 Stress Distributions from Finite-Element Analysis 1344.3 Predicting Modulus and Strength of Short-Fiber Composites 1364.3.1 Average Fiber Stress 1364.3.2 Longitudinal and Transverse Modulus of Aligned Short-Fiber Composites 1374.3.3 Modulus of Randomly Oriented Short-Fiber Composites 1384.3.4 Longitudinal Strength of Aligned Short-FiberComposites 1424.3.5 Strength of Randomly Oriented Short-Fiber Composites 1434.4 Influence of Matrix Ductility on Properties 144Exercise Problems 148References 1495 Macromechanics Analysis of an Orthotropic Lamina 1515.1 Introduction 1515.1.1 Orthotropic Materials 1515.2 Stress–Strain Relations for Unidirectional Composites 1535.2.1 Engineering Constants in Longitudinal and Transverse Directions 1535.2.2 Off-Axis Engineering Constants 1565.2.3 Transformation of Engineering Constants 1585.3 Hooke’s Law and Stiffness and Compliance Matrices 1675.3.1 General Anisotropic Material 1675.3.2 Transformation of Stress, Strain, and Elasticity Constants 1695.3.3 Stress–Strain Relations for Orthotropic Materials 1695.3.4 Transversely Isotropic Material 1705.3.5 Isotropic Material 1715.3.6 Orthotropic Material under Plane Stress 1725.3.7 Compliance Tensor and Compliance Matrix 1735.3.8 Relations between Engineering Constants and Elements of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices 1745.3.9 Restrictions on Elastic Constants 1775.3.10 Transformation of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices 1785.3.11 Invariant Forms of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices 1825.4 Strengths of an Orthotropic Lamina 1855.4.1 Maximum-Stress Theory 1865.4.2 Maximum-Strain Theory 1885.4.3 Maximum-Work Theory 1905.4.4 Importance of Sign on Off-Axis Strength of Composites 193Exercise Problems 196References 2006 Analysis of Laminated Composites 2026.1 Classical Lamination Theory 2026.1.1 Introduction 2026.1.2 Laminate Displacements and Strains 2026.1.3 Laminate Stresses 2056.1.4 Resultant Forces and Moments 2066.1.5 Laminate Constitutive Relations 2076.2 Laminate Description System 2136.3 Design, Construction, and Properties of Laminates 2156.3.1 Symmetric Laminates 2156.3.2 Unidirectional, Cross-Ply, and Angle-Ply Laminates 2156.3.3 Quasi-isotropic Laminates 2166.4 Failure of Laminates 2246.4.1 Initial Failure 2246.4.2 Laminate Analysis after Initial Failure 2286.5 Hygrothermal Stresses in Laminates 2386.5.1 Concepts of Thermal Stresses 2386.5.2 Hygrothermal Stress Calculations 2406.6 Laminate Analysis through Computers 251Exercise Problems 255References 2597 Analysis of Laminated Plates and Beams 2607.1 Introduction 2607.2 Governing Equations for Plates 2617.2.1 Equilibrium Equations 2617.2.2 Equilibrium Equations in Terms of Displacements 2647.3 Application of Plate Theory 2667.3.1 Bending of Specially Orthotropic Laminates 2667.3.2 Buckling 2767.3.3 Free Vibrations 2817.4 Deformations Due to Transverse Shear 2867.4.1 First-Order Shear Deformation Theory 2877.4.2 Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory 2907.5 Analysis of Laminated Beams 2937.5.1 Governing Equations for Laminated Beams 2937.5.2 Application of Beam Theory 295Exercise Problems 299References 3018 Advanced Topics in Fiber Composites 3028.1 Interlaminar Stresses and Free-Edge Effects 3028.1.1 Concepts of Interlaminar Stresses 3028.1.2 Determination of Interlaminar Stresses 3048.1.3 Effect of Stacking Sequence on Interlaminar Stresses 3068.1.4 Approximate Solutions for Interlaminar Stresses 3088.1.5 Summary 3128.2 Fracture Mechanics of Fiber Composites 3138.2.1 Introduction 3138.2.2 Fracture Mechanics Concepts and Measures of Fracture Toughness 3158.2.3 Fracture Toughness of Composite Laminates 3238.2.4 Whitney–Nuismer Failure Criteria for Notched Composites 3278.3 Joints for Composite Structures 3328.3.1 Adhesively Bonded Joints 3338.3.2 Mechanically Fastened Joints 3378.3.3 Bonded-Fastened Joints 339Exercise Problems 339References 3409 Performance of Fiber Composites: Fatigue, Impact, and Environmental Effects 3459.1 Fatigue 3459.1.1 Introduction 3459.1.2 Fatigue Damage 3469.1.3 Factors Influencing Fatigue Behavior 3549.1.4 Empirical Relations for Fatigue Damage and Fatigue Life 3619.1.5 Fatigue of High-Modulus Fiber-Reinforced Composites 3629.1.6 Fatigue of Short-Fiber Composites 3669.2 Impact 3719.2.1 Introduction and Fracture Process 3719.2.2 Energy-Absorbing Mechanisms and Failure Models 3739.2.3 Effect of Materials and Testing Variables on Impact Properties 3779.2.4 Hybrid Composites and Their Impact Strength 3839.2.5 Damage Due to Low-Velocity Impact 3879.3 Environmental-Interaction Effects 3919.3.1 Fiber Strength 3919.3.2 Matrix Effects 397Exercise Problems 405References 40610 Experimental Characterization of Composites 41410.1 Introduction 41410.2 Measurement of Physical Properties 41510.2.1 Density 41510.2.2 Constituent Weight and Volume Fractions 41510.2.3 Void Volume Fraction 41610.2.4 Thermal Expansion Coefficients 41710.2.5 Moisture Absorption and Diffusivity 41710.2.6 Moisture Expansion Coefficients 41810.3 Measurement of Mechanical Properties 41910.3.1 Properties in Tension 41910.3.2 Properties in Compression 42310.3.3 In-Plane Shear Properties 42510.3.4 Flexural Properties 43310.3.5 Interlaminar Shear Strength and Fracture Toughness 43810.3.6 In-Plane Fracture Toughness Tests 44210.3.7 Impact Tests 45010.3.8 Tests for Aerospace Applications 45510.4 Damage Identification Using Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques 45710.4.1 Ultrasonics 45710.4.2 Acoustic Emission 46010.4.3 X-Radiography 46110.4.4 Thermography 46310.4.5 Laser Shearography 46410.5 General Remarks on Characterization 464Exercise Problems 468References 47011 Emerging Composite Materials 47511.1 Nanocomposites 47511.2 Carbon–Carbon Composites 47711.3 Biocomposites 47811.3.1 Biofibers 47811.3.2 Wood–Plastic Composites (WPCs) 48011.3.3 Biopolymers 48111.4 Composites in “Smart” Structures 48211.5 Further Emerging Trends 483Suggested Reading 484Appendix 1 Matrices and Tensors 488A1.1 Matrix Definitions 488A1.2 Matrix Operations 493A1.3 Tensors 498References 509Appendix 2 Equations of Theory of Elasticity 510A2.1 Analysis of Strain 510A2.2 Analysis of Stress 514A2.3 Stress–Strain Relations for Isotropic Materials 518References 520Appendix 3 Laminate Orientation Code 521A3.1 Standard Code Elements 521A3.2 Positive and Negative Angles 522A3.3 Symmetric Laminates 524A3.4 Sets 524A3.5 Hybrid Laminates 525Appendix 4 Properties of Fiber Composites 527Appendix 5 Computer Programs for Laminate Analysis 532Appendix 6 Introduction to MATLAB 534A6.1 Introduction: Getting Started 534A6.2 Vectors and Matrices 537A6.2.1 Defining Matrices 537A6.2.2 Basic Matrix Functions 537A6.2.3 Extracting Parts of Matrices 539A6.2.4 Basic Matrix Operations 539A6.3 Programming in MATLAB 540A6.3.1 Logical and Relational Operators 540A6.3.2 Loop and Logical Statements 540A6.3.3 MATLAB Functions: Saving Programs 540A6.3.4 Input/Output Functions 541A6.3.5 Controlling the Appearance of Floating Point Number 541A6.4 Plotting Tools 542A6.4.1 Basic Plot Commands 542A6.4.2 Line Styles and Colors 543Index 545