Analog and Mixed-Signal Electronics

Karl D. Stephan, PhD, is Professor in the Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, USA. Dr Stephan has published six book chapters and over 80 journal and conference papers in the fields of micr wave engineering, atmospheric physics, the history of technology, and engineering ethics.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiiiAbout the Companion Website xv1 Introduction to Analog and Mixed-Signal Electronics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Organization of the Book 31.2.1 Chapter 2: Basics of Electronic Components and Devices 31.2.2 Chapter 3: Linear System Analysis 31.2.3 Chapter 4: Nonlinearities in Analog Electronics 31.2.4 Chapter 5: Op Amp Circuits in Analog Electronics 41.2.5 Chapter 6: The High‐Gain Analog Filter Amplifier 41.2.6 Chapter 7: Waveform Generation 41.2.7 Chapter 8: Analog‐to‐Digital and Digital‐to‐Analog Conversion 41.2.8 Chapter 9: Phase‐Locked Loops 41.2.9 Chapter 10: Power Electronics 51.2.10 Chapter 11: High‐Frequency (Radio‐Frequency) Electronics 51.2.11 Chapter 12: Electromagnetic Compatibility 6Bibliography 6Problems 62 Basics of Electronic Components and Devices 82.1 Introduction 82.2 Passive Devices 92.2.1 Resistors 92.2.2 Capacitors 112.2.3 Inductors 122.2.4 Connectors 132.2.5 Antennas 142.3 Active Devices 152.3.1 Diodes 152.3.2 Field‐Effect Transistors 172.3.3 BJTs 222.3.4 Power Devices 24Bibliography 29Problems 303 Linear Systems Analysis 333.1 Basics of Linear Systems 333.1.1 Two-Terminal Component Models 343.1.2 Two‐Port Matrix Analysis 423.2 Noise and Linear Systems 483.2.1 Sources of Noise 493.2.2 Noise in Designs 53Bibliography 56Problems 56Project Problem: Measurement of Inductor Characteristics 59Equipment and Supplies 59Description 594 Nonlinearities in Analog Electronics 624.1 Why All Amplifiers Are Nonlinear 624.2 Effects of Small Nonlinearity 634.2.1 Second‐Order Nonlinearity 634.2.2 Third‐Order Nonlinearity 674.3 Large‐Scale Nonlinearity: Clipping 694.4 The Big Picture: Dynamic Range 74Bibliography 76Problems 765 O p Amp Circuits in Analog Electronics 785.1 Introduction 785.2 The Modern Op Amp 805.2.1 Ideal Equivalent‐Circuit Model 805.2.2 Internal Block Diagram of Typical Op Amp 815.2.3 Op Amp Characteristics 855.3 Analog Circuits Using Op Amps 885.3.1 Linear Op Amp Circuits 925.3.2 Nonlinear Op Amp Circuits 105Bibliography 115Problems 1156 The High‐Gain Analog Filter Amplifier 1246.1 Applications of High‐Gain Filter Amplifiers 1246.1.1 Audio‐Frequency Applications 1256.1.2 Sensor Applications 1266.2 Issues in High‐Gain Amplifier Design 1306.2.1 Dynamic‐Range Problems 1306.2.2 Oscillation Problems 1316.3 Poles, Zeroes, Transfer Functions, and All That 1346.4 Passive Analog Filters 1376.4.1 One‐Pole Lowpass Filter 1376.4.2 One‐Pole, One‐Zero Highpass Filter 1416.4.3 Complex‐Pole Bandpass Filter 1436.4.4 Bandstop Filters 1496.5 Active Analog Filters 1496.5.1 Sallen–Key Lowpass Filter with Butterworth Response 1506.5.2 Biquad Filter with Lowpass, Bandpass, or Highpass Response 1586.5.3 Switched‐Capacitor Filters 1626.6 Design Example: Electric Guitar Preamp 164Bibliography 169Problems 1697 Waveform Generation 1757.1 Introduction 1757.2 “Linear” Sine‐Wave Oscillators and Stability Analysis 1767.2.1 Stable and Unstable Circuits: An Example 1767.2.2 Poles and Stability 1807.2.3 Nyquist Stability Criterion 1817.2.4 The Barkhausen Criterion 1867.2.5 Noise in Oscillators 1897.3 Types of Feedback‐Loop Quasilinear Oscillators 1937.3.1 R–C Oscillators 1957.3.2 Quartz‐Crystal Resonators and Oscillators 1987.3.3 MEMS Resonators and Oscillators 2027.4 Types of Two‐State or Relaxation Oscillators 2047.4.1 Astable Multivibrator 2057.4.2 555 Timer 2077.5 Design Aid: Single‐Frequency Series–Parallel and Parallel–Series Conversion Formulas 2097.6 Design Example: BJT Quartz‐Crystal Oscillator 211Bibliography 219Problems 2198 Analog‐to‐Digital and Digital‐to‐Analog Conversion 2258.1 Introduction 2258.2 Analog and Digital Signals 2268.2.1 Analog Signals and Measurements 2268.2.2 Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution 2278.2.3 Digital Signals and Concepts: The Sampling Theorem 2308.2.4 Signal Measurements and Quantum Limits 2348.3 Basics of Analog‐to‐Digital Conversion 2358.3.1 Quantization Error 2358.3.2 Output Filtering and Oversampling 2378.3.3 Resolution and Speed of ADCs 2398.4 Examples of ADC Circuits 2428.4.1 Flash Converter 2428.4.2 Successive‐Approximation Converter 2448.4.3 Delta‐Sigma ADC 2458.4.4 Dual‐Slope Integration ADC 2508.4.5 Other ADC Approaches 2528.5 Examples of DAC Circuits 2538.5.1 R–2R Ladder DAC 2558.5.2 Switched‐Capacitor DAC 2568.5.3 One‐Bit DAC 2588.6 System‐Level ADC and DAC Operations 259Bibliography 262Problems 2629 Phase-Locked Loops 2699.1 Introduction 2699.2 Basics of PLLs 2709.3 Control Theory for PLLs 2719.3.1 First‐Order PLL 2739.3.2 Second‐Order PLL 2749.4 The CD4046B PLL IC 2809.4.1 Phase Detector 1: Exclusive‐OR 2809.4.2 Phase Detector 2: Charge Pump 2829.4.3 VCO Circuit 2859.5 Loop Locking, Tuning, and Related Issues 2869.6 PLLs in Frequency Synthesizers 2889.7 Design Example Using CD4046B PLL IC 289Bibliography 294Problems 29410 Power Electronics 29810.1 Introduction 29810.2 Applications of Power Electronics 30010.3 Power Supplies 30010.3.1 Power‐Supply Characteristics and Definitions 30010.3.2 Primary Power Sources 30310.3.3 AC‐to‐DC Conversion in Power Supplies 30610.3.4 Linear Voltage Regulators for Power Supplies 30910.3.5 Switching Power Supplies and Regulators 31810.4 Power Amplifiers 33710.4.1 Class A Power Amplifier 33810.4.2 Class B Power Amplifier 34610.4.3 Class AB Power Amplifier 34710.4.4 Class D Power Amplifier 35510.5 Devices for Power Electronics: Speed and Switching Efficiency 36010.5.1 BJTs 36110.5.2 Power FETs 36110.5.3 IGBTs 36110.5.4 Thyristors 36210.5.5 Vacuum Tubes 362Bibliography 363Problems 36311 High‐Frequency (RF) Electronics 37011.1 Circuits at Radio Frequencies 37011.2 RF Ranges and Uses 37211.3 Special Characteristics of RF Circuits 37511.4 RF Transmission Lines, Filters, and Impedance‐Matching Circuits 37611.4.1 RF Transmission Lines 37611.4.2 Filters for Radio‐Frequency Interference Prevention 38511.4.3 Transmitter and Receiver Filters 38711.4.4 Impedance‐Matching Circuits 38911.5 RF Amplifiers 40011.5.1 RF Amplifiers for Transmitters 40011.5.2 RF Amplifiers for Receivers 40611.6 Other RF Circuits and Systems 41611.6.1 Mixers 41711.6.2 Phase Shifters and Modulators 42011.6.3 RF Switches 42311.6.4 Oscillators and Multipliers 42311.6.5 Transducers for Photonics and Other Applications 42611.6.6 Antennas 42811.7 RF Design Tools 433Bibliography 435Problems 43512 E lectromagnetic Compatibility 44612.1 What is Electromagnetic Compatibility? 44612.2 Types of EMI Problems 44812.2.1 Communications EMI 44812.2.2 Noncommunications EMI 45312.3 Modes of EMI Transfer 45412.3.1 Conduction 45412.3.2 Electric Fields (Capacitive EMI) 45612.3.3 Magnetic Fields (Inductive EMI) 45812.3.4 Electromagnetic Fields (Radiation EMI) 46112.4 Ways to Reduce EMI 46512.4.1 Bypassing and Filtering 46512.4.2 Grounding 47012.4.3 Shielding 47412.5 Designing with EMI and EMC in Mind 47912.5.1 EMC Regulators and Regulations 47912.5.2 Including EMC in Designs 479Bibliography 481Problems 481Appendix: Test Equipment for Analog and Mixed‐Signal Electronics 489A.1 Introduction 489A.2 Laboratory Power Supplies 490A.3 Digital Volt‐Ohm‐Milliammeters 492A.4 Function Generators 494A.5 Oscilloscopes 496A.6 Arbitrary Waveform Generators 499A.7 Other Types of Analog and Mixed‐Signal Test Equipment 500A.7.1 Spectrum Analyzers 500A.7.2 Logic Analyzers 501A.7.3 Network Analyzers 501Index 503