American Horizons

Michael Schaller is Regents Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Arizona, where he has taught since 1974. His areas of specialization include U.S. international and East Asian relations and the resurgence of conservatism in late 20th-century America. Janette Thomas Greenwood is Professor of History at Clark University. She specializes in African American history and history of the U.S. South. Andrew Kirk is Professor and Chair of History at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He specializes in the history of the U.S. West and environmental history. Sarah J. Purcell is L.F. Parker Professor of History at Grinnell College. She specializes in the early national period, antebellum United States, popular culture, politics, gender, and military history. Aaron Sheehan-Dean is Chair and Fred C. Frey Professor of History at Louisiana State University. He specializes in the Civil War and Reconstruction, the history of the New South, and nineteenth-century America. Christina Snyder is the McCabe Greer Professor of History at The Pennsylvania State University. She researches colonialism, race, and slavery, with a focus on Native North America from the pre-contact era through the nineteenth century.

• MapsPrefaceAbout the Authors CHAPTER 15Reconstructing America, 1865-1877The Year of Jubilee, 1865African American FamiliesSouthern White People and the Problem of DefeatEmancipation in Comparative PerspectiveShaping Reconstruction, 1865-1868Andrew Johnson's ReconstructionThe Fight over ReconstructionThe Civil War Amendments and American CitizenshipGLOBAL PASSAGES: America the DiverseCongressional ReconstructionReconstruction in the South, 1866-1876African American Life in the Postwar SouthRepublican Governments in the Postwar SouthCotton, Merchants, and the LienThe End of Reconstruction, 1877The Ku Klux Klan and Reconstruction ViolenceNorthern Weariness and Northern ConservatismLegacies of ReconstructionConsider the Source: Alfred Waud: "The First Vote," November 16, 1867 CHAPTER 16Forging a Transcontinental Nation, 1877-1900Meeting Ground of Many PeoplesChanging Patterns of MigrationMexican BordersChinese ExclusionMapping the WestThe Federal FrontierPromotion and MemoryThe Culture of Collective ViolenceExtractive Economies and Global CommoditiesMining and LaborBusiness TravelersRailroads, Time, and SpaceIndustrial RanchingCorporate CowboysClearing the Land and Cleansing the WildernessConflict and ResistanceEducation for AssimilationThe Destruction of the BuffaloGLOBAL PASSAGES: Settler Societies and Indigenous PeoplesThe Dawes Act and SurvivalTourism, Parks, and ForestsConsider the Source: Carlisle Indian School CHAPTER 17A New Industrial and Labor Order, 1877-1900Global Webs of Industrial CapitalismThe New Industrial OrderU.S. Industrial Growth in Global ContextCombinations and Concentrations of WealthMarkets and ConsumerismWork and the WorkplaceGlobal MigrationsGLOBAL PASSAGES: A Revolution in FoodBlue-Collar and White-Collar WorkersRegimentation and Scientific ManagementWorking Conditions and WagesEconomic Convulsions and Hard TimesWomen and Children in the WorkplaceWorkers Fight BackThe Great Railroad Strike of 1877Organizing Strategies and Labor ViolenceThe Farmers OrganizeThe Labor Movement in Global ContextThe New Industrial Order: Defense and DissentDefending the New OrderCritiquing the New OrderConsider the Source: Two Views of the Pullman Strike CHAPTER 18Immigrants, Cities, and Politics, 1877-1900Global MigrationsA Worldwide MigrationThe Lure of the United States and the "New" ImmigrationThe "Immigrant Problem"The Round Trip to AmericaGLOBAL PASSAGES: Immigrants Who ReturnedStreets Paved With Gold?Surviving in "The Land of Bosses and Clocks"Creating CommunityBecoming AmericanUrbanizationThe Growth of CitiesThe Peopling of American CitiesTypes of CitiesCities Transformed and "Sorted Out"The Promise and Peril of City LifeA World of OpportunityA World of CrisesTackling Urban ProblemsSaving Souls in Urban AmericaThe Social Purity MovementThe Settlement House MovementCreating Healthy Urban EnvironmentsChallenges to the Politics of StalemateKey IssuesEthnicity, Gender, and Political CultureThe Populist ChallengeThe Election of 1896Consider the Source: The "New" Immigration CHAPTER 19The United States Expands Its Reach, 1892-1912The New ImperialismA Global Grab for ColoniesRace, Empire, Bibles, and BusinessmenPrecedent for American EmpireThe Crises of the 1890sThe United States Flexes Its MusclesLatin AmericaHawaiiThe Cuban Crisis"A Splendid Little War"The Complications of EmpireCuba and Puerto RicoThe PhilippinesThe Debate over EmpireGLOBAL PASSAGES: African Americans and International AffairsThe Philippine-American WarChinaThe United States on the World Stage: Roosevelt and TaftRoosevelt's "Big Stick"Taft's Dollar DiplomacyConsider the Source: The Fight over Empire CHAPTER 20An Age of Progressive Reform, 1890-1920Progressivism as a Global MovementNodes of ProgressivismThe Global Exchange of Progressive IdeasUrban ReformThe "Good Government" MovementThe Housing DilemmaMunicipal HousekeepingSegregation and the Racial Limits of ReformProgressivism at the State and National LevelsElectoral ReformsMediating the Labor ProblemRegulating Business: Trust-Busting and Consumer ProtectionConservation Versus Preservation of NatureProgressivism and World War IA Progressive War?Uniting and Disuniting the NationVotes for WomenProgressivism in International ContextGLOBAL PASSAGES: A Worldwide Struggle for Woman SuffrageConsider the Source: Votes for Women? CHAPTER 21America and the Great War, 1914-1920The Shock of WarThe Colonial Origins of the ConflictA War of AttritionAmerica's Response to WarThe U.S. Path to War, 1914-1917National Security and the Push Toward AmericanizationSocial Reform, the Election of 1916, and Challenges to NeutralityIntervention in Latin AmericaDecision for WarAmerica at WarMobilizing People and IdeasControlling DissentMobilizing the EconomyWomen SuffragistsThe Great MigrationOver ThereBuilding an ArmyJoining the FightComplications of Coalition WarfareInfluenza PandemicMaking Peace Abroad and at HomeGLOBAL PASSAGES: Postwar ColonialismMaking Peace and Fighting CommunismRed ScareThe Fight for the TreatyConsider the Source: Two U.S. Government Propaganda Posters for the Great War CHAPTER 22A New Era, 1920-1930A New Economy for a New EraWireless AmericaCar CultureAdvertising for Mass ConsumptionCultural DividesChallenging Sexual ConventionsAfrican American Renaissance and RepressionBlack International MovementsImmigration RestrictionProhibitionThe Ku Klux KlanReligious DividesA National Culture: At Home and AbroadPopular Entertainment: Movies, Sports, and CelebrityThe New SkepticismGLOBAL PASSAGES: Hollywood Sells America to the WorldPost-World War I Politics and Foreign PolicyGovernment and Business in the 1920sCoolidge ProsperityThe Election of 1928Independent Internationalism in the 1920sThe United States and Instability in the Western HemisphereThe CrashThe End of the BoomThe Great DepressionConsider the Source: Slaughter in Tulsa CHAPTER 23A New Deal for Americans, 1931-1939The New DealFrom Prosperity to Global DepressionSpiral of Decline, 1931-1933Suffering in the LandThe Failure of the Old DealThe Coming of the New DealReconstructing CapitalismThe First Hundred DaysVoices of ProtestThe Second New DealThe Works Progress AdministrationSocial SecurityLabor ActivismThe 1936 ElectionSociety, Law, and Culture in the 1930sPopular EntertainmentWomen and the New DealA New Deal for Black PeopleGLOBAL PASSAGES: European RefugeesHispanics and the New DealThe Indian New DealNature's New DealThe Twilight of ReformThe New Deal and Judicial ChangeRecessionPolitical SetbacksConsider the Source: "From Despair to Hope": Faith in Democracy Lost and Found CHAPTER 24Arsenal of Democracy: The World at War, 1931-1945The Long FuseIsolationist ImpulseDisengagement from EuropeDisengagement in AsiaAppeasementAmerica at the Brink of War, 1939-1941Day of InfamyA Grand AllianceThe War in the PacificThe War in EuropeThe HolocaustBattle for ProductionWar EconomyGLOBAL PASSAGES: A Battle of Books and IdeasA Government-Sponsored Technology RevolutionThe DraftOn The Move: Wartime MobilityWartime WomenMexican Migrants, Mexican Americans, and American Indians in WartimeAfrican Americans in WartimeJapanese American InternmentWartime Politics and Postwar IssuesRight TurnThe 1944 Election and the Threshold of VictoryVictory in EuropeVictory in the PacificConsider the Source: "A New Deal for America and the World" CHAPTER 25Prosperity and Liberty Under the Shadow of the Bomb, 1945-1952The Cold WarThe Roots of ConflictManaging Postwar Europe in PotsdamThe Defeat of JapanDividing the Postwar GlobeThe Fear of Nuclear WarA Policy for ContainmentThe Red ScareWar in KoreaGLOBAL PASSAGES: Rebuilding the WorldNSC-68: A Cold War Containment PolicyThe Color of Difference Is RedHollywood and the Pumpkin PapersA New AffluenceThe Fair DealThe GI BillWorking WomenPostwar MigrationsMilitary-Industrial West and SouthHispanics Move NorthMobile LeisureLaying the Foundations for Civil RightsFirst StepsJack Roosevelt RobinsonThe Influence of African American VeteransBlack Migration and the Nationalization of RaceConsider the Source: Braceros Entering the U.S. (1942) and Mica from El Paso ID Card CHAPTER 26The Dynamic 1950s, 1950-1959The Eisenhower EraThe End of the Korean WarThe New LookThe Rise of the Developing WorldHungary and the Suez, 1956France's Vietnam WarMcCarthyism and the Red ScareA Dynamic DecadeThe Baby BoomSuburban Migrations-Urban DeclineConsumer NationCorporate Order and Industrial LaborThe Future Is NowAuto ManiaGLOBAL PASSAGES: The International Geophysical YearOil CultureTelevisionConformity and RebellionOld-Time ReligionWomen in the 1950sOrganization MenTeens, Rebels, and BeatsThe Battle for Civil Rights BeginsBrown and the Legal AssaultShowdown in Little RockBoots on the GroundMLK and the Philosophy of NonviolenceConsider the Source: Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) Security Area Maps CHAPTER 27The Optimism and the Anguish of the 1960s, 1960-1969The New FrontierJFK's New FrontierThe Challenge of Racial JusticeCold War TensionsKennedy AssassinationThe Great SocietyCivil Rights LawsGreat Society ProgramsThe Supreme Court and Rights and LibertiesThe United States and the World Beyond VietnamA Robust EconomyTechnological Change, Science, and Space ExplorationThe Rise of the SunbeltRace, Gender, Youth, and the Challenge to the EstablishmentUrban Uprisings and Black PowerLatinos and Native Americans Struggle for RightsThe New FeminismEnvironmentalismGLOBAL PASSAGES: The Hippie TrailCounterculturesConsider the Source: Ho Chi Minh, Excerpts from Declaration of Independence (1945) CHAPTER 28The Vietnam Era, 1961-1975Background to a War, 1945-1963Vietnam and the Cold WarAmerican Commitments to South VietnamThe 1963 Turning PointAn American War, 1964-1967Decisions for Escalation, 1964-1965Ground and Air War, 1966-1967The War at HomeGLOBAL PASSAGES: Global Disruption1968: Turmoil and Turning PointsThe Tet OffensiveThe Agony of 1968Nixon and the WorldFrom Vietnamization to ParisThe End of the Vietnam WarReduction of Cold War TensionsDomestic Policy and the Abuse of PowerCurtailing the Great SocietyWatergateConsider the Source: Students for a Democratic Society and an Appeal to Students (1964) and Cesar Chavez, Speech at Harvard University (1970) CHAPTER 29Conservatism Resurgent, 1973-1988BacklashAn Accidental PresidentThe Politics of Limits and MalaiseA Dangerous World, 1974-1980America Held HostageDemocratic Decline and the Rising Tide on the RightThe Crisis of the DemocratsRising Tide on the RightThe Religious Right and NeoconservatismIt's Morning Again in AmericaThe Rise of ReaganEconomic RealitiesConservative JusticeGLOBAL PASSAGES: Reefer Madness: America's (Very) Long War on DrugsSocial Transformation and the Technology RevolutionThe Rise of the "Nontraditional Family"Gay Rights and the AIDS EpidemicA Health-Conscious AmericaHigh TechnologyChallenging The "Evil Empire"A New Arms RaceInterventionsCold War ThawConsider the Source: "America's Right Turn" CHAPTER 30After the Cold War, 1988-2001George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold WarThe Election of 1988The Bush Presidency at HomeThe New World OrderThe Election of 1992The Good TimesInnovation and New TechnologyGLOBAL PASSAGES: The 1965 Immigration Act and Its BacklashThe Shipping Container RevolutionBill Clinton and the New DemocratsAn Awkward StartClinton's RecoveryClinton's Second TermA Post-Cold War Foreign PolicyIntervention and MediationInternational TerrorismThe Disputed Election of 2000Bush Versus GoreThe Election in Florida and a Supreme Court DecisionConsider the Source: Politics as a Full Contact Sport CHAPTER 31Twenty-First-Century Dangers and Promises, 2001-PresentThe Age of Sacred TerrorThe United States and Terrorism Before 9/11The War in AfghanistanThe Iraq WarPolicing TerrorismCompassionate Conservatism in the Bush YearsCulture WarsCompassionate Conservatism in ActionThe Election of 2004Privatizing Social SecurityHurricane KatrinaThe Election of 2006Economic TurmoilThe Dot-Com Bust, Financial Scandals, and the Middle-Class SqueezeCollapseThe Obama YearsThe Election of 2008Economic RecoveryIraq Withdrawal and the Afghan WarBattles in the LegislatureGLOBAL PASSAGES: China Versus the United States: A Clash of Civilizations?Protests on the Right and Left, and the 2010 ElectionThe 2012 ElectionGoing Over the Fiscal CliffJustice in the 21st CenturyImmigrationCivil Rights for Gay AmericansA Turbulent WorldTrump's AmericaThe Election of 2016Trump in OfficeImmigration and the WallCongress and the Courts"America First" and Foreign PolicyThe EconomyThe Election of 2018ImpeachmentSocial Issues Outside WashingtonPandemic and Social UnrestConclusionConsider the Source: Threats from Abroad and from Within EpilogueThe 2020 Election and Beyond Appendix A: Historical DocumentsAppendix B: Historical Facts and DataGlossaryPhoto CreditsIndex