Aircraft Dynamics

Marcello Napolitano is a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at West Virgina University, and has received numerous teaching, research and professional awards, including 11 teaching awards, 4 research awards and the NASA Outstanding Service Achievement Award. He is recognized as an authority on the subject of?Aircraft Dynamics.

• 1. Aircraft Equations of Motion 1 1.1 Introduction 11.2 Reference Frames and Assumptions 21.3 Conservation of the Linear Momentum Equations (CLMEs) 31.4 Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) 61.5 Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) with Rotor Effects 101.6 Euler Angles 111.7 Flight Path Equations (FPEs) 121.8 Kinematic Equations (KEs) 141.9 Gravity Equations (GEs) 161.10 Summary of the Aircraft Equations of Motion 161.11 Definition of Steady-State and Perturbation Conditions 171.12 Aircraft Equations of Motion at Steady-State Conditions 181.13 Aircraft Equations of Motion at Perturbed Conditions 191.14 Small Perturbation Equations from a Steady-State Level Flight 221.15 Summary 23References 26Student Sample Problems 26Problems 322. Review of Basic Concepts of Aerodynamic Modeling 372.1 Introduction 372.2 Review of Key Aerodynamic Characteristics for Wing Sections 372.3 Wing Planforms and Wing Lift Curve Slope 422.4 Review of the Downwash Effect and Effectiveness of Control Surfaces 482.5 Determination of the Aerodynamic Center for Wing and Wing1Fuselage 532.6 Approaches to the Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 572.6.1 Wind Tunnel Analysis 572.6.2 CFD Analysis 582.6.3 Parameter IDentification from Flight Data 592.6.4 Correlation from Wind Tunnel Data and Empirical “Build-Up” Analysis 602.7 Summary 60References 61Student Sample Problems 62Problems 753. Modeling of Longitudinal Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 783.1 Introduction 783.2 Aircraft Stability Axes 793.3 Modeling of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment 793.4 Modeling of FAX1 803.5 Modeling of FAZ1 833.6 Modeling of MA1 873.7 Aircraft Aerodynamic Center 893.8 Summary of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment 913.9 Modeling of the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 913.9.1 Modeling of (cD1 , cL1 , cm1) 933.9.2 Modeling of ðcDu , cLu , cmu Þ 933.9.3 Modeling of (cDa_ , cLa_ , cma_ ) and (cDq , cLq , cmq) 943.10 Summary of Longitudinal Stability and Control Derivatives 963.11 Summary 100References 100Student Sample Problems 101Case Study 110Short Problems 127Problems 1284. Modeling of Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 1354.1 Introduction 1354.2 Modeling of FAY1 1374.2.1 Conceptual Modeling of cYß 1384.2.2 Mathematical Modeling of cYß 1404.2.3 Modeling of cYdA 1474.2.4 Modeling of cYdR 1474.3 Modeling of LA1 1494.3.1 Conceptual Modeling of clß 1504.3.2 Mathematical Modeling of clß 1554.3.3 Modeling of cldA 1604.3.4 Modeling of cldR 1664.4 Modeling of NA1 1684.4.1 Conceptual Modeling of cnß 1694.4.2 Mathematical Modeling of cnß 1724.4.3 Modeling of cndA 1744.4.4 Modeling of cndR 1764.5 Summary of the Lateral Directional Steady-State Force and Moments 1774.6 Modeling of the Small Perturbation Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Force and Moments 1784.6.1 Modeling of cYß_ , cl _ ß , cn _ ß 1804.6.2 Modeling of cYp 1804.6.3 Modeling of clp 1814.6.4 Modeling of cnp 1834.6.5 Modeling of cYr 1854.6.6 Modeling of clr 1854.6.7 Modeling of cnr 1874.7 Summary of Longitudinal and Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Stability and Control Derivatives 1894.8 Final Overview and Ranking of the Importance of the Aerodynamic Coefficients 1964.9 Summary of the Modeling of the Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional AerodynamicForces and Moments 198References 200Student Sample Problems 200Case Study 236Short Problems 262Problems 2635. Review of Basic Aircraft Performance and Modeling of Thrust Forces and Moments 2685.1 Introduction 2685.2 Review of Different Aircraft Propulsion Systems 2685.2.1 Piston Engine (Propeller) Aircraft Engines 2695.2.2 Turboprop Aircraft Engines 2705.2.3 Turbojet Aircraft Engines 2715.2.4 Turbofan Aircraft Engines 2725.2.5 Ramjet Aircraft Engines 2735.3 Review of Basic Aircraft Performance 2735.4 Power at Level Flight 2745.4.1 Maximum Aerodynamic Efficiency 2755.4.2 Minimum Aerodynamic Drag 2755.4.3 Minimum Power Required 2775.5 Determination of Power Required 2795.6 Determination of Power Available 2825.7 Modeling of the Thrust Forces and Moments 2875.7.1 Modeling of the Steady-State Thrust Forces and Moments 2885.7.2 Modeling of the Small Perturbation Thrust Forces and Moments 2915.8 Summary 294References 296Student Sample Problems 296Problems 3046. Aircraft Stability and Design for Trim Conditions 3056.1 Introduction 3056.2 Concept of Aircraft Stability 3056.3 Criteria for Aircraft Static Stability 3066.3.1 Static Stability Criteria #1 (SSC #1) 3076.3.2 Static Stability Criteria #2 (SSC #2) 3086.3.3 Static Stability Criteria #3 (SSC #3) 3086.3.4 Static Stability Criteria #4 (SSC #4) 3096.3.5 Static Stability Criteria #5 (SSC #5) 3106.3.6 Static Stability Criteria #5, #6, and #7 (SSC #5, SSC #6, SSC #7) 3116.3.7 Static Stability Criteria #9 (SSC #9) 3116.3.8 Static Stability Criteria #10 (SSC #10) 3126.4 Longitudinal Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight 3136.5 Lift Chart and Trim Diagram 3226.5.1 Lift Chart 3226.5.2 Trim Diagram 3246.5.3 Trim Diagrams for Different Classes of Aircraft 3296.5.4 Trim Diagrams for Thrust Axis Above/Below Center of Gravity 3296.6 Lateral Directional Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight 3326.7 Summary 340References 340Student Sample Problems 340Problems 3497. Solution of the Aircraft Equations of Motion Based on Laplace Transformations and Transfer Functions 3527.1 Introduction 3527.2 Application of Laplace Transformations to the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Equations 3537.3 RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Longitudinal Stability 3587.4 Longitudinal Dynamic Modes: Short Period and Phugoid 3607.5 Solution of the Longitudinal Equations 3617.6 Short Period Approximation 3637.7 Phugoid Approximation 3667.8 Summary of the Longitudinal Equations 3697.9 Application of Laplace Transformations to the Lateral Directional Small Perturbation Equations 3717.10 RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Lateral Directional Stability 3767.11 Lateral Directional Dynamic Modes: Rolling, Spiral, and Dutch Roll 3777.12 Solution of the Lateral Directional Equations 3797.13 Rolling Approximation 3827.14 Summary of Lateral Directional Equations 3857.15 Sensitivity Analysis for the Aircraft Dynamics 3867.15.1 Short Period Sensitivity Analysis 3877.15.2 Phugoid Sensitivity Analysis 3947.15.3 Sensitivity Analysis for the Lateral Directional Parameters 3987.16 Summary 407References 407Student Sample Problems 407Problems 4308. State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics 4328.1 Introduction 4328.2 Introduction to State Variables for Nonlinear Systems 4338.3 Introduction to State Variables for Linear/Linearized Systems 4338.4 State Variable Modeling of the Longitudinal Dynamics 4358.5 State Variable Modeling of the Lateral Directional Dynamics 4408.6 Augmentation of the Aircraft State Variable Modeling 4458.6.1 Modeling of the Altitude ðhÞ 4458.6.2 Modeling of the Flight Path Angle ð?Þ 4468.6.3 Modeling of the Engine Dynamics 4468.6.4 Modeling of the Actuator Dynamics 4468.6.5 Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence 4478.7 Summary of State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics 4478.8 Summary 450References 450Student Sample Problems 450Problems 4709. Introduction to Modern Flight Simulation Codes 4769.1 Introduction 4769.2 Introduction to the Flight Dynamics & Control (FDC) Toolbox 4799.2.1 Equations of Motion within the FDC Simulation Environment 4799.2.2 FDC Modeling of Beaver Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 4839.2.3 Alternative Approach for FDC Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 4859.2.4 Case Study #1: FDC Modeling of Look-Up Tables Based Aerodynamic Coefficients 4869.2.5 FDC Modeling of the Gravity Force 4939.2.6 FDC Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence Force 4939.2.7 FDC Modeling of the Beaver Propulsive Forces and Moments 4949.2.8 Case Study #2: FDC Modeling of Propulsive Forces and Moments 4969.2.9 Auxiliary FDC Blocks 4989.2.10 Additional FDC Blocks 5039.3 Introduction to the Aerospace Blockset by Mathworks 5039.3.1 General Organization of the Aerospace Blockset 5039.3.2 Introduction to the Environment Library 5049.3.3 Introduction to the Flight Parameters Library 5069.3.4 Introduction to the Equations of Motion Library 5069.3.5 Introduction to the Aerodynamics Library 5089.3.6 Introduction to the Propulsion Library 5089.3.7 Introduction to the Utilities Library 5099.3.8 Introduction to the Mass Properties Library 5109.3.9 Introduction to the Actuators Library 5119.3.10 Introduction to the GNC and Animation Libraries 5119.4 Introduction to AIRLIB 5129.4.1 AIRLIB’s Strucure 5129.4.2 Generic Aircraft Model: Continuous-time Block 5129.4.3 Generic Aircraft Model: Discrete-time Block 5159.4.4 Collection of Aircraft Models 5169.4.5 Alternative Model Implementation 5179.4.6 Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function ‘air3m’ 5179.4.7 Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function ‘ab2dv’ 5189.5 Summary 518References 518Student Sample Problems 51910. Pilot Ratings and Aircraft Handling Qualities 52310.1 Introduction 52310.2 Aircraft Flight Envelope 52410.3 Levels of Aircraft Flying Qualities: Cooper-Harper Pilot Rating 52610.3.1 Aircraft Control Authority 52610.3.2 Pilot Workload 52610.3.3 Pilot Compensation 52910.3.4 Levels of Flying Qualities 52910.4 Classes of Aircraft 53110.5 Classification of Aircraft Maneuvers and Mission Profile 53110.6 Flying Quality Requirements for the Longitudinal Dynamics 53210.6.1 Longitudinal Control Forces 53310.6.2 Requirements for the Damping for the Phugoid Mode 53510.6.3 Requirements for the Short Period Mode 53610.7 Flying Quality Requirements for the Lateral Directional Dynamics 53610.7.1 Lateral Directional Control Forces 53610.7.2 Requirements for the Dutch Roll Mode 53810.7.3 Requirements for the Spiral Mode 53910.7.4 Requirements for the Rolling Mode 53910.7.5 Requirements for the Roll Control Effectiveness 53910.7.6 Additional Requirements for Steady Sideslips 54110.8 Summary 541References 541Appendix A Review of Useful Topics 543Appendix A.1 Review of Vector Operations 544Appendix A.2 Review of Matrix Operations 548Appendix A.3 Review of Center of Gravity and Inertial Properties 558Appendix A.4 Review of Application of Laplace Transform to Linear Constant Coefficients Differential Equations 564Appendix A.5 Review of First and Second Order Systems 575Appendix A.6 Review of Standard Atmospheric Model 581Appendix B Data for Different Aircraft 584Appendix B.1 Introduction 584Appendix B.2 Aircraft 1—Cessna 182 586Appendix B.3 Aircraft 2—Cessna 310 589Appendix B.4 Aircraft 3—Beech 99 592Appendix B.5 Aircraft 4—Cessna T37-A 595Appendix B.6 Aircraft 5—Cessna 620 598Appendix B.7 Aircraft 6—Learjet 24 601Appendix B.8 Aircraft 7—Boeing 747-200 604Appendix B.9 Aircraft 8—SIAI Marchetti S-211 607Appendix B.10 Aircraft 9—Lockheed F-104 610Appendix B.11 Aircraft 10—McDonnell Douglas F-4 613Reference 615Appendix C Detailed Drawings for Different Aircraft 616Appendix C.1 Introduction 617Appendix C.2 Aircraft 1—Aeritalia Fiat G-91 618Appendix C.3 Aircraft 2—Beech 99 621Appendix C.4 Aircraft 3—Boeing B52 624Appendix C.5 Aircraft 4—Boeing B727-200 627Appendix C.6 Aircraft 5—Boeing B737-600 630Appendix C.7 Aircraft 6—Boeing B747-200 633Appendix C.8 Aircraft 7—Boeing B757-200 637Appendix C.9 Aircraft 8—Boeing B767-200 640Appendix C.10 Aircraft 9—Cessna Citation CJ3 643Appendix C.11 Aircraft 10—Cessna T37 645Appendix C.12 Aircraft 11—General Dynamics F-16 649Appendix C.13 Aircraft 12—Grumman F-14 652Appendix C.14 Aircraft 13—Learjet 24 655Appendix C.15 Aircraft 14—Lockheed F-104 658Appendix C.16 Aircraft 15—Lockheed F-22 661Appendix C.17 Aircraft 16—Lockheed L-1011 664Appendix C.18 Aircraft 17—McDonnell Douglas C-17 667Appendix C.19 Aircraft 18—McDonnell Douglas DC-8 670Appendix C.20 Aircraft 19.1—McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 10 673Appendix C.21 Aircraft 19.2—McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 30 677Appendix C.22 Aircraft 19.3—McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 40 679Appendix C.23 Aircraft 19.4—McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 50 681Appendix C.24 Aircraft 20—McDonnell Douglas DC-10 683Appendix C.25 Aircraft 21—McDonnell Douglas F-4 686Appendix C.26 Aircraft 22—McDonnell Douglas F-15 689Appendix C.27 Aircraft 23—Rockwell B-1 692Appendix C.28 Aircraft 24—SIAI Marchetti S211 695Appendix C.29 Aircraft 25—Supermarine Spitfire 699Index 703