Aircraft Dynamics

Marcello Napolitano is a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at West Virgina University, and has received numerous teaching, research and professional awards, including 11 teaching awards, 4 research awards and the NASA Outstanding Service Achievement Award. He is recognized as an authority on the subject of?Aircraft Dynamics.

• 1. Aircraft Equations of Motion 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Reference Frames and Assumptions 21.3 Conservation of the Linear Momentum Equations (CLMEs) 31.4 Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) 61.5 Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) with Rotor Effects 101.6 Euler Angles 111.7 Flight Path Equations (FPEs) 121.8 Kinematic Equations (KEs) 141.9 Gravity Equations (GEs) 161.10 Summary of the Aircraft Equations of Motion 161.11 Definition of Steady-State and Perturbation Conditions 171.12 Aircraft Equations of Motion at Steady-State Conditions 181.13 Aircraft Equations of Motion at Perturbed Conditions 191.14 Small Perturbation Equations from a Steady-State Level Flight 221.15 Summary 232. Review of Basic Concepts of Aerodynamic Modeling 372.1 Introduction 372.2 Review of Key Aerodynamic Characteristics for Wing Sections 372.3 Wing Planforms and Wing Lift Curve Slope 422.4 Review of the Downwash Effect and Effectiveness of Control Surfaces 482.5 Determination of the Aerodynamic Center for Wing and Wing1Fuselage 532.6 Approaches to the Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 572.7 Summary 603. Modeling of Longitudinal Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 783.1 Introduction 783.2 Aircraft Stability Axes 793.3 Modeling of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment 793.4 Modeling of FAX1 803.5 Modeling of FAZ1 833.6 Modeling of MA1 873.7 Aircraft Aerodynamic Center 893.8 Summary of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment 913.9 Modeling of the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 913.10 Summary of Longitudinal Stability and Control Derivatives 963.11 Summary 1004. Modeling of Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 1354.1 Introduction 1354.2 Modeling of FAY1 1374.3 Modeling of LA1 1494.4 Modeling of NA1 1684.5 Summary of the Lateral Directional Steady-State Force and Moments 1774.6 Modeling of the Small Perturbation Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Force and Moments 1784.7 Summary of Longitudinal and Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Stability and Control Derivatives 1894.8 Final Overview and Ranking of the Importance of the Aerodynamic Coefficients 1964.9 Summary of the Modeling of the Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Aerodynamic5. Review of Basic Aircraft Performance and Modeling of Thrust Forces and Moments 2685.1 Introduction 2685.2 Review of Different Aircraft Propulsion Systems 2685.3 Review of Basic Aircraft Performance 2735.4 Power at Level Flight 2745.5 Determination of Power Required 2795.6 Determination of Power Available 2825.7 Modeling of the Thrust Forces and Moments 2875.8 Summary 2946. Aircraft Stability and Design for Trim Conditions 3056.1 Introduction 3056.2 Concept of Aircraft Stability 3056.3 Criteria for Aircraft Static Stability 3066.4 Longitudinal Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight 3136.5 Lift Chart and Trim Diagram 3226.6 Lateral Directional Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight 3326.7 Summary 3407. Solution of the Aircraft Equations of Motion Based on Laplace Transformations and Transfer Functions 3527.1 Introduction 3527.2 Application of Laplace Transformations to the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Equations 3537.3 RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Longitudinal Stability 3587.4 Longitudinal Dynamic Modes: Short Period and Phugoid 3607.5 Solution of the Longitudinal Equations 3617.6 Short Period Approximation 3637.7 Phugoid Approximation 3667.8 Summary of the Longitudinal Equations 3697.9 Application of Laplace Transformations to the Lateral Directional Small Perturbation Equations 3717.10 RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Lateral Directional Stability 3767.11 Lateral Directional Dynamic Modes: Rolling, Spiral, and Dutch Roll 3777.12 Solution of the Lateral Directional Equations 3797.13 Rolling Approximation 3827.14 Summary of Lateral Directional Equations 3857.15 Sensitivity Analysis for the Aircraft Dynamics 3867.16 Summary 4078. State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics 4328.1 Introduction 4328.2 Introduction to State Variables for Nonlinear Systems 4338.3 Introduction to State Variables for Linear/Linearized Systems 4338.4 State Variable Modeling of the Longitudinal Dynamics 4358.5 State Variable Modeling of the Lateral Directional Dynamics 4408.6 Augmentation of the Aircraft State Variable Modeling 4458.7 Summary of State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics 4478.8 Summary 4509. Introduction to Modern Flight Simulation Codes 4769.1 Introduction 4769.2 Introduction to the Flight Dynamics & Control (FDC) Toolbox 4799.3 Introduction to the Aerospace Blockset by Mathworks 5039.4 Introduction to AIRLIB 5129.5 Summary 51810. Pilot Ratings and Aircraft Handling Qualities 52310.1 Introduction 52310.2 Aircraft Flight Envelope 52410.3 Levels of Aircraft Flying Qualities: Cooper-Harper Pilot Rating 52610.4 Classes of Aircraft 53110.5 Classification of Aircraft Maneuvers and Mission Profile 53110.6 Flying Quality Requirements for the Longitudinal Dynamics 53210.7 Flying Quality Requirements for the Lateral Directional Dynamics 53610.8 Summary 541References 541Appendix A Review of Useful Topics 543Appendix A.1 Review of Vector Operations 544Appendix A.2 Review of Matrix Operations 548Appendix A.3 Review of Center of Gravity and Inertial Properties 558Appendix A.4 Review of Application of Laplace Transform to Linear Constant Coefficients Differential Equations 564Appendix A.5 Review of First and Second Order Systems 575Appendix A.6 Review of Standard Atmospheric Model 581Appendix B Data for Different Aircraft 584Appendix B.1 Introduction 584Appendix B.2 Aircraft 1—Cessna 182 586Appendix B.3 Aircraft 2—Cessna 310 589Appendix B.4 Aircraft 3—Beech 99 592Appendix B.5 Aircraft 4—Cessna T37-A 595Appendix B.6 Aircraft 5—Cessna 620 598Appendix B.7 Aircraft 6—Learjet 24 601Appendix B.8 Aircraft 7—Boeing 747-200 604Appendix B.9 Aircraft 8—SIAI Marchetti S-211 607Appendix B.10 Aircraft 9—Lockheed F-104 610Appendix B.11 Aircraft 10—McDonnell Douglas F-4 613Appendix C Detailed Drawings for Different Aircraft 616Appendix C.1 Introduction 617Appendix C.2 Aircraft 1—Aeritalia Fiat G-91 618Appendix C.3 Aircraft 2—Beech 99 621Appendix C.4 Aircraft 3—Boeing B52 624Appendix C.5 Aircraft 4—Boeing B727-200 627Appendix C.6 Aircraft 5—Boeing B737-600 630Appendix C.7 Aircraft 6—Boeing B747-200 633Appendix C.8 Aircraft 7—Boeing B757-200 637Appendix C.9 Aircraft 8—Boeing B767-200 640Appendix C.10 Aircraft 9—Cessna Citation CJ3 643Appendix C.11 Aircraft 10—Cessna T37 645Appendix C.12 Aircraft 11—General Dynamics F-16 649Appendix C.13 Aircraft 12—Grumman F-14 652Appendix C.14 Aircraft 13—Learjet 24 655Appendix C.15 Aircraft 14—Lockheed F-104 658Appendix C.16 Aircraft 15—Lockheed F-22 661Appendix C.17 Aircraft 16—Lockheed L-1011 664Appendix C.18 Aircraft 17—McDonnell Douglas C-17 667Appendix C.19 Aircraft 18—McDonnell Douglas DC-8 670Appendix C.20 Aircraft 19.1—McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 10 673Appendix C.21 Aircraft 19.2—McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 30 677Appendix C.22 Aircraft 19.3—McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 40 679Appendix C.23 Aircraft 19.4—McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 50 681Appendix C.24 Aircraft 20—McDonnell Douglas DC-10 683Appendix C.25 Aircraft 21—McDonnell Douglas F-4 686Appendix C.26 Aircraft 22—McDonnell Douglas F-15 689Appendix C.27 Aircraft 23—Rockwell B-1 692Appendix C.28 Aircraft 24—SIAI Marchetti S211 695Appendix C.29 Aircraft 25—Supermarine Spitfire 699Index 703

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