Aerospace Navigation Systems

Inbunden, Engelska, 2016

Av Alexander V. Nebylov, Joseph Watson, Alexander V Nebylov

1 379 kr

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Compiled by leading authorities, Aerospace Navigation Systems is a compendium of chapters that present modern aircraft and spacecraft navigation methods based on up-to-date inertial, satellite, map matching and other guidance techniques. Ranging from the practical to the theoretical, this book covers navigational applications over a wide range of aerospace vehicles including aircraft, spacecraft and drones, both remotely controlled and operating as autonomous vehicles. It provides a comprehensive background of fundamental theory, the utilisation of newly-developed techniques, incorporates the most complex and advanced types of technical innovation currently available and presents a vision for future developments. Satellite Navigation Systems (SNS), long range navigation systems, short range navigation systems and navigational displays are introduced, and many other detailed topics include Radio Navigation Systems (RNS), Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), Homing Systems, Map Matching and other correlated-extremalsystems, and both optimal and sub-optimal filtering in integrated navigation systems.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2016-07-29
Mått178 x 249 x 23 mm
Vikt758 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor392
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119163077

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Alexander V. Nebylov, State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, RussiaProfessor and Chairman of Aerospace Devices and Measuring Complexes, State University of Aerospace Instrumentation in St. Petersburg and Director of the International Institute for Advanced Aerospace Technologies. He is a member of the leadership of the IFAC Aerospace Technical Committee since 2002.Dr. Joseph Watson, Swansea University, UKDr. Joseph Watson is retired former Associate Editor of the IEEE Sensors Journal and Visiting Professor at the University of Calgary, Canada, the University of California, Davis and Santa Barbara. He is a Fellow of IET, Senior Member of the IEEE. Dr. Watson has continued as President of the UK-based Gas Analysis and Sensing Group.

The Editors xiAcknowledgments xiiList of Contributors xiiiPreface xv1 Inertial Navigation Systems 1Michael S. Braasch1.1 Introduction 11.2 The Accelerometer Sensing Equation 21.3 Reference Frames 31.3.1 True Inertial Frame 31.3.2 Earth-Centered Inertial Frame or i-Frame 31.3.3 Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Frame or e-Frame 31.3.4 Navigation Frame 31.3.5 Body Frame 41.3.6 Sensor Frames (a-Frame, g-Frame) 51.4 Direction Cosine Matrices and Quaternions 51.5 Attitude Update 61.5.1 Body Frame Update 71.5.2 Navigation Frame Update 81.5.3 Euler Angle Extraction 91.6 Navigation Mechanization 101.7 Position Update 111.8 INS Initialization 121.9 INS Error Characterization 141.9.1 Mounting Errors 141.9.2 Initialization Errors 141.9.3 Sensor Errors 141.9.4 Gravity Model Errors 141.9.5 Computational Errors 151.9.6 Simulation Examples 151.10 Calibration and Compensation 231.11 Production Example 24References 252 Satellite Navigation Systems 26Walter Geri, Boris V. Shebshaevich and Matteo Zanzi2.1 Introduction 262.2 Preliminary Considerations 272.3 Navigation Problems Using Satellite Systems 272.3.1 The Geometrical Problem 282.3.2 Reference Coordinate Systems 292.3.3 The Classical Mathematical Model 332.4 Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) 382.4.1 The Global Positioning System 382.4.2 GLONASS 512.4.3 Galileo 562.4.4 BeiDou (Compass) 612.4.5 State and Development of the Japanese QZSS 632.4.6 State and Development of the IRNSS 642.5 GNSS Observables 652.5.1 Carrier-Phase Observables 652.5.2 Doppler Frequency Observables 682.5.3 Single-Difference Observables 692.5.4 Double-Difference Observables 712.5.5 Triple-Difference Observables 722.5.6 Linear Combinations 722.5.7 Integer Ambiguity Resolution 742.6 Sources of Error 752.6.1 Ionosphere Effects 772.6.2 Troposphere Effects 802.6.3 Selective Availability (SA) Effects 812.6.4 Multipath Effects 822.6.5 Receiver Noise 822.7 GNSS Receivers 822.7.1 Receiver Architecture 822.7.2 Carrier Smoothing 852.7.3 Attitude Estimation 872.7.4 Typical Receivers on the Market 882.8 Augmentation Systems 902.8.1 Differential Techniques 902.8.2 The Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Technique 922.8.3 Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems 932.9 Integration of GNSS with Other Sensors 972.9.1 GNSS/INS 982.10 Aerospace Applications 1002.10.1 The Problem of Integrity 1012.10.2 Air Navigation: En Route, Approach, and Landing 1032.10.3 Surveillance and Air Traffic Control (ATC) 1032.10.4 Space Vehicle Navigation 105References 1053 Radio Systems for Long-Range Navigation 109Anatoly V. Balov and Sergey P. Zarubin3.1 Introduction 1093.2 Principles of Operation 1113.3 Coverage 1163.4 Interference in VLF and LF Radio-Navigation Systems 1183.5 Error Budget 1223.5.1 Loran-C and CHAYKA Error Budget 1223.5.2 ALPHA and OMEGA Error Budget 1243.5.3 Position Error 1253.6 LF Radio System Modernization 1263.6.1 EUROFIX—Regional GNSS Differential Subsystem 1273.6.2 Enhanced Loran 1293.6.3 Enhanced Differential Loran 1303.7 User Equipment 132References 1384 Radio Systems for Short-Range Navigation 141J. Paul Sims and Joseph Watson4.1 Overview of Short-Range Navigational Aids 1414.2 Nondirectional Radio Beacon and the “Automatic Direction Finder” 1424.2.1 Operation and Controls 1434.3 VHF Omni-Directional Radio Range 1484.3.1 Basic VOR Principles 1484.3.2 The Doppler VOR 1494.4 DME and TACAN Systems 1544.4.1 DME Equipment 1544.4.2 Tactical Air Navigation 1564.4.3 The VORTAC Station 1564.4.4 The Radiotechnical Short-Range Navigation System 1584.4.5 Principles of Operation and Construction of the RSBN System 159References 1605 Radio Technical Landing Systems 162J. Paul Sims5.1 Instrument Landing Systems 1625.1.1 The Marker Beacons 1625.1.2 Approach Guidance—Ground Installations 1645.1.3 Approach Guidance—Aircraft Equipment 1675.1.4 CAT II and III Landing 1675.2 Microwave Landing Systems—Current Status 1695.2.1 MLS Basic Concepts 1705.2.2 MLS Functionality 1705.3 Ground-Based Augmentation System 1715.3.1 Current Status 1725.3.2 Technical Features 1725.4 Lighting Systems—Airport Visual Landing Aids and Other Short-Range Optical Navigation Systems 1745.4.1 The Visual Approach Slope Indicator 1755.4.2 Precision Approach Path Indicator 1765.4.3 The Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal 177References 1776 Correlated-Extremal Systems and Sensors 179Evgeny A. Konovalov and Sergey P. Faleev6.1 Construction Principles 1796.1.1 General Information 1826.1.2 Mathematical Foundation 1866.1.3 Basic CES Elements and Units 1876.1.4 Analog and Digital Implementation Methods 1876.2 Image Sensors for CES 1896.3 Aviation and Space CES 1926.3.1 Astro-Orientation CES 1936.3.2 Navigational CES 1936.3.3 Aviation Guidance via Television Imaging 1946.4 Prospects for CES Development 1976.4.1 Combined CES 1976.4.2 Micro-Miniaturization of CES and the Constituent Components 1986.4.3 Prospects for CES Improvement 1986.4.4 New Properties and Perspectives in CES 199References 2007 Homing Devices 202Georgy V. Antsev and Valentine A. Sarychev7.1 Introduction 2027.2 Definition of Homing Devices 2057.2.1 Homing Systems for Autonomous and Group Operations 2057.2.2 Guidance and Homing Systems 2067.2.3 Principles and Classification of Homing Devices 2077.3 Homing Device Functioning in Signal Fields 2127.3.1 Characteristics of Homing Device Signal Fields 2127.3.2 Optoelectronic Sensors for Homing Devices 2147.3.3 Radar Homing Devices 2157.4 Characteristics of Homing Methods 2217.4.1 Aerospace Vehicle Homing Methods 2217.4.2 Homing Device Dynamic Errors 2267.5 Homing Device Efficiency 2277.5.1 Homing Device Accuracy 2287.5.2 Homing Device Dead Zones 2297.6 Radio Proximity Fuze 2307.7 Homing Device Functioning Under Jamming Conditions 2327.8 Intelligent Homing Devices 238References 2408 Optimal and Suboptimal Filtering in Integrated Navigation Systems 244Oleg A. Stepanov8.1 Introduction 2448.2 Filtering Problems: Main Approaches and Algorithms 2448.2.1 The Least Squares Method 2458.2.2 The Wiener Approach 2468.2.3 The Kalman Approach 2498.2.4 Comparison of Kalman and Wiener Approaches 2528.2.5 Beyond the Kalman Filter 2548.3 Filtering Problems for Integrated Navigation Systems 2588.3.1 Filtering Problems Encountered in the Processing of Data from Systems Directly Measuring the Parameters to be Estimated 2598.3.2 Filtering Problems in Aiding a Navigation System (Linearized Case) 2648.3.3 Filtering Problems in Aiding a Navigation System (Nonlinear Case) 2668.4 Filtering Algorithms for Processing Data from Inertial and Satellite Systems 2718.4.1 Inertial System Error Models 2728.4.2 The Filtering Problem in Loosely Coupled INS/SNS 2778.4.3 The Filtering Problem in Tightly Coupled INS/SNS 2788.4.4 Example of Filtering Algorithms for an Integrated INS/SNS 2818.5 Filtering and Smoothing Problems Based on the Combined Use of Kalman and Wiener Approaches for Aviation Gravimetry 2858.5.1 Statement of the Optimal Filtering and Smoothing Problems in the Processing of Gravimeter and Satellite Measurements 2868.5.2 Problem Statement and Solution within the Kalman Approach 2888.5.3 Solution Using the Method of PSD Local Approximations 291Acknowledgment 295References 2959 Navigational Displays 299Ron T. Ogan9.1 Introduction to Modern Aerospace Navigational Displays 2999.1.1 The Human Interface for Display Control—Buttonology 3009.1.2 Rapidly Configurable Displays for Glass Cockpit Customization Purposes 3049.2 A Global Positioning System Receiver and Map Display 3069.2.1 Databases 3089.2.2 Fully Integrated Flight Control 3109.2.3 Advanced AHRS Architecture 3109.2.4 Weather and Digital Audio Functions 3109.2.5 Traffic Information Service 3119.3 Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) System Displays 3139.4 Collision Avoidance and Ground Warning Displays 3159.4.1 Terrain Awareness Warning System (TAWS): Classes A and B 318Appendix: Terminology and Review of Some US Federal Aviation Regulations 319References 31910 Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle Navigation 321Vladimir Y. Raspopov, Alexander V. Nebylov, Sukrit Sharan and Bijay Agarwal10.1 The Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle 32110.2 Small-Sized UAVs 32110.3 The UAV as a Controlled Object 32610.4 UAV Navigation 32910.4.1 Methods of Controlling Flight Along Intended Tracks 33110.4.2 Basic Equations for UAV Inertial Navigation 33310.4.3 Algorithms for Four-Dimensional (Terminal) Navigation 33910.5 Examples of Construction and Technical Characteristics of the Onboard Avionic Control Equipment 34310.6 Small-Sized Unmanned WIG and Amphibious UAVs 34910.6.1 Emerging Trends in the Development of Unmanned WIG UAVs and USVs, and Amphibious UAVs 35010.6.2 Radio Altimeter and Inertial Sensor Integration 35410.6.3 Development of Control Systems for Unmanned WIG Aircraft and Amphibious UAVs 35610.6.4 The Design of High-precision Instruments and Sensor Integration for the Measurement of Low Altitudes 358References 359Index 361