Advances in Surgical and Medical Specialties

Raj Bawa, PhD, MD, is president of Bawa Biotech LLC (founded in 2002), a biotech/pharma consultancy and patent law firm based in Ashburn, Virginia, USA. Trained as a microbiologist and biochemist, he is an inventor, author, entrepreneur, professor, and registered patent agent (since 2002) licensed to practice before the US Patent & Trademark Office. He is currently a scientific advisor to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Israel (since 2010), and full professor (adjunct) at Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale, Virginia (since 2004). He is vice president and chief IP officer at Guanine, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (since 2017), a company focused on rapid, accurate detection of infective pathogens. He has served as a principal investigator of various National Cancer Institute (NCI) research grants; most recently as a principal investigator of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) grant to develop an assay for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing bacteria. He was an adjunct professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, from 1998 to 2018. After earning a BSc (Honors School) in microbiology, he earned an MS in cancer biology, a PhD in biophysics/biochemistry, and an MD. In the 1990s, Dr. Bawa held various positions at the US Patent & Trademark Office, including primary examiner from 1996–2002. Currently, he is a life member of Sigma Xi, cochair of the nanotech and precision medicine committees of the American Bar Association, and founding director of the American Society for Nanomedicine (established in 2008). He has authored over 100 publications, edited 10 texts, and serves on the editorial boards of numerous peer-reviewed journals, including serving as an associate editor of Nanomedicine (Elsevier).

• Corresponding AuthorsNote from the Series Editor1. Surgical and Medical Specialties: A Journey in Pictures 2. Lymph Nodes—The Neglected Battlefield in Tuberculosis2.1 Introduction 2.2 Concluding Remarks 2.3 Methods 3. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention3.1 CKD Is Common Among US Adults 3.2 CKD by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity 3.3 CKD Risk Factors 3.4 Ways to Prevent CKD 3.5 Treatment to Lower Blood Pressure 3.6 Testing and Treatment: Find It Early, Treat It Early 3.7 CKD Related Health Problems 3.8 People with CKD Can Lower Their Risk for Kidney Failure 4. Combatting Sepsis: A Public Health Perspective 4.1 National Trends in Sepsis Burden4.2 Comprehensive Sepsis Prevention Framework 4.3 Building Partnerships and Increasing Awareness 4.4 Future Public Health Opportunities and Challenges 5. Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation: Closing a Virtuous Circle 6. Cardiovascular Events after Community-Acquired Pneumonia:A Global Perspective with Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ofObservational Studies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and Methods 6.3 Results 6.4 Discussion 6.5 Future Directions 7. Risk Factors for Recurrent Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children andYoung Adults 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Review Methodology 7.3 Prevalence of AIS Recurrence 7.4 Risk Factors for Recurrent AIS in a Pediatric Population 7.5 Risk Factors for Recurrent AIS in Young Adults 7.6 Secondary Prevention of AIS 7.7 Conclusions 8. Cellular Mechanisms of Human Atherogenesis: Focus on Chronificationof Inflammation and Mitochondrial Mutations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Atherogenesis 8.3 Variants of the Nuclear Genome Associated with Atherosclerosis 8.4 Variants of Mitochondrial Genome Associated withAtherosclerosis 8.5 Role of Mitochondrial Mutations in Cellular Mechanism ofAtherosclerosis; Chronification of Inflammation 8.6 Conclusions 9. The Microbiota of the Human Gut and Cardiometabolic Health 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Microbiome 9.3 Major Metabolic Contributors to Microbiome Profile Identity 9.4 Dysbiosis and the Development of T2DM 9.5 Gut Microbiota and CVD 9.6 Concluding Remarks 10. Pharmaceutical Strategies for Reducing LDL-C and Risk ofCardiovascular Disease 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Importance of Potency in Statin Monotherapy 10.3 Alternative Strategies to Achieve LDL-C Goal 10.4 PCSK9, a New Therapeutic Target 10.5 Conclusion 11. Atherogenic Markers in Predicting Cardiovascular Risk and TargetingResidual Cardiovascular Risk 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Markers of Atherogenic Risk 11.3 Residual Cardiovascular Risk 11.4 Conclusions 12. The Continuous Quest for More Effective and SaferThromboprophylaxis Protocols 12.1 Thrombosis: A Preventable Healthcare Burden 12.2 Implementation Strategies and Risk Stratification 12.3 Prophylaxis Options with Comparison of Their Efficacy and Risks12.4 Screening Methods and Secondary Prophylaxis 12.5 New Horizons: Emerging Prophylaxis Methods, ScreeningStrategies and Treatment Policies 12.6 Conclusion 13. Wound Healing: Cellular Mechanisms and Pathological Outcomes 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Cellular Aspects of Acute Wound Repair 13.3 When Healing Fails—Factors Influencing Chronic WoundHealing 13.4 Translational Techniques to Enhance Clinical Understanding ofWounds 13.5 Current Therapies and Future Opportunities 13.6 Conclusions 14. Advances in Cervical Cancer Prevention: Efficacy, Effectiveness,Elimination? 14.1 Evolution of Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination 14.2 Prospects for Cervical Cancer Elimination 14.3 Opportunities and Challenges Posed by Resource Levels 14.4 Cervical Screening in the Presence of HPV Vaccination14.5 Future Perspectives 15. Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer: A Retrospective CohortStudy 15.1 Introduction15.2 Materials and Methods 15.3 Results 15.4 Discussion 15.5 Conclusion 16. Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Biology to Therapy 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Molecular Basis of CSCC 16.3 Treatment of CSCC 16.4 Pharmacologically Induced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma 16.5 Conclusions 17. Brain and Testis: More Alike Than Previously Thought? 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Brain and Testis 17.3 Neuron and Sperm 17.4 Concluding Remarks 18. Myomatous Erythrocytosis Syndrome: A Case Series 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Results 18.3 Discussion 18.4 Conclusions 19. Vascular Involvements in Cholangiocarcinoma: Tips and Tricks 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Materials and Methods 19.3 Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma with Vascular Involvement 19.4 Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma with Vascular Involvement 19.5 Conclusions 20. Rehabilitation for People Living with Dementia: A PracticalFramework of Positive Support 20.1 Why Is Rehabilitation Relevant? 20.2 How Can Cognitive Rehabilitation Benefit People with Dementiaand Carers? 20.3 Where Do Other Nonpharmacological Interventions Fit In? 20.4 How Could Services Adopt a Rehabilitation Model? 20.5 Why Should We Acknowledge the Right to Rehabilitation? 21. Are Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s Disease Dementiathe Same Disease? 21.1 Background 21.2 Conclusions 21.3 Future Perspectives22. Regenerative Medicine: Could Parkinson’s Be the FirstNeurodegenerative Disease to Be Cured? 22.1 Multiplication and Differentiation of NSCs 22.2 Production, Transplantation and Characterization of PrecursorDOP Aminergic Neurons 22.3 Rejection of Transplanted Cells 22.4 From Bench to Bed 22.5 Future Perspective 23. Changes in the Functional Brain Network of Children UndergoingRepeated Epilepsy Surgery: An EEG Source Connectivity Study 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Materials and Methods 23.3 Results 23.4 Discussion 23.5 Conclusions 24. Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Atrial Fibrillation: A PotentialContributor to the Increased Risk of Dementia and Worsening ofStroke Outcomes 24.1 Introduction24.2 The Structure and Function of the Blood–Brain Barrier 24.3 Mechanisms of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption 24.4 Effects of Altered Cerebral Blood Flow on the Blood–BrainBarrier24.5 Disrupted Peripheral and Cerebral Blood Flow in AtrialFibrillation 24.6 What Are the Underlying Mechanisms that Increase the Riskof Stroke and Dementia in Atrial Fibrillation? 24.7 Concluding Remarks 25. Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: From Pathophysiology toOutcomes—Overview of an Emerging Medical Problem 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Definition 25.3 Pathophysiology 25.4 Specials Clinical Forms of TIC 25.5 Diagnosis 25.6 Outcomes 25.7 Hints for Therapy 25.8 Management of Patients with Severe Trauma in an ER 26. Advances in Fractures and Dislocations of the Hip Joint 26.1 Hip Fractures 26.2 Traumatic Dislocations of the Hip Joint 27. Predicting Scoliosis Progression: A Challenge for Researchers andClinicians 28. Prosthetic and Mechanical Parameters of the Facial Bone under theLoad of Different Dental Implant Shapes: A Parametric Study 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Results 28.3 Discussion 28.4 Materials and Methods 28.5 Conclusions29. Circulating Arsenic Is Associated with Long-Term Risk of Graft Failurein Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Cohort Study 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Methods29.3 Results 29.4 Discussion 29.5 Conclusions 30. Successful Aging and Chronic Osteoarthritis Ray Marks, EdD30.1 Introduction 30.2 Methods 30.3 Results30.4 Discussion 30.5 Conclusions 30.6 Future Research and Practical Challenges 31. Radiographic Analysis on the Distortion of the Anatomy of FirstMetatarsal Head in Dorsoplantar Projection 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Material and Methods 31.3 Results 31.4 Discussion 31.5 Conclusions 32. Clinical Aspects and Current Therapeutic Approaches for FibrodysplasiaOssificans Progressiva 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Epidemiology 32.3 Pathophysiology 32.4 Natural Clinical Course 32.5 Skeletal Malformations 32.6 Managements and Treatments 32.7 On-Going Clinical Trials for FOP 32.8 Conclusions 33. Comparison and Lessons Learned from Neglected Tropical Diseasesand Tuberculosis 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Underlying Burden of Disease 33.3 Influence of Poverty and Development 33.4 Neglect 33.5 Conclusions34. Current Issues in Antibiotic Antimicrobial Resistance Centers for Disease Control and Prevention34.1 About Antibiotic Resistance 34.2 Antibiotic Resistance Threatens Everyone 34.3 Brief History of Resistance and Antibiotics 34.4 Fighting Antibiotic Resistance 34.5 Antibiotic Resistance: 5 Things to Know 34.6 Antibiotic-Resistant Infections Threaten Modern Medicine 34.7 Examples of How Antibiotic Resistance Affects Humans, Animalsand the Environment 34.8 How Antibiotic Resistance Moves Directly Germ to Germ 34.9 Protect People and Animals, Combat Antibiotic Resistance:Actions for Livestock and Poultry Producers 35. Ending AIDS as a Public Health Threat by 2030: Time to Reset Targetsfor 2025 35.1 Introduction 35.2 The Process and Structures 35.3 Addressing the Key Challenges, Concerns, and Priorities35.4 Conclusions 36. 9 Questions to Help Make Sense of Health ResearchNational Institutes of Health37. Transdisciplinary Research and Clinical Priorities for Better Health 37.1 Lifestyle and Prevention of Chronic Diseases 37.2 Intergenerational and Life Course Consequences ofPreconception and in utero Health 37.3 Ecological Footprint of Modern Medical Systems 37.4 Intensive Animal Farming and Pollution 37.5 Benefits of Investing in Preventive Science, Education,and Medicine 37.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 38. Current Issues about Health News StoriesNational Institutes of Health38.1 When Clinical Research is in the News 38.2 Health Approaches in the News 38.3 Information Missing from Health Stories 38.4 What’s Missing: Important Details! 38.5 What’s Missing: Information on Side Effects! 38.6 What’s Missing: The Full Story! 38.7 What’s Missing: Humans! 38.8 Conflicting Health News 38.9 Accuracy in the Media 38.10 What the Media Says about Complementary Health Approaches 38.11 Is It Real Online News? Or Just Advertising? 38.12 Checklist for Understanding Health News Stories 38.13 Remember…38.14 Supplementary Information 39. Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s ina Name? National Institutes of Health39.1 Complementary versus Alternative 39.2 Integrative Health 39.3 Complementary Health Approaches 40. Current Issues in Complementary and Integrative Health National Institutes of Health40.1 4 Things to Know about Dietary Supplements for Eye Conditions 40.2 5 Things to Know about Omega-3s for Heart Disease 40.3 6 Tips: How Herbs Can Interact with Medicines 40.4 7 Tips: What You Need to Know about Natural Products forMusculoskeletal Inflammation 40.5 6 Things You Should Know: The Science of Chronic Pain andComplementary Health Practices 40.6 4 Tips: Mind and Body Practices for Common Aging-RelatedConditions 40.7 6 Things You Need to Know about Cancer and ComplementaryHealth Approaches 40.8 5 Things to Know about Complementary Health Practices forCognitive Function, Dementia, and Alzheimer’s Disease 40.9 4 Tips: Asthma and Complementary Health Practices 40.10 10 Things to Know about the Science of Health 40.11 5 Things to Know about Relaxation Techniques for Stress 40.12 7 Things to Know about Complementary Approaches forFibromyalgia 40.13 5 Tips: Natural Products for the Flu and Colds: What Does theScience Say? 40.14 5 Things You Should Know about Yoga 40.15 5 Things to Know about Chronic Low-Back Pain andComplementary Health Practices 40.16 4 Things to Know about Spinal Manipulation for Low-Back Pain 40.17 7 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches forAutism Spectrum Disorder40.18 4 Tips: Start Talking with Your Health Care Providers aboutComplementary Health Approaches 40.19 7 Things to Know about Omega-3 Fatty Acids 40.20 5 Tips: Natural Products Used for Common Aging-RelatedConditions 40.21 6 Things You Should Know about Dietary Supplements forOsteoarthritis 40.22 7 Tips: Know the Facts about Supplements Marketed for WeightLoss 40.23 5 Things to Know about Sleep Disorders and ComplementaryHealth Approaches 40.24 6 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches forSeasonal Affective Disorder 40.25 5 Tips: What Consumers Need to Know about Dietary Supplements 40.26 5 Things to Know about St. John’s Wort and Depression 40.27 6 Things to Know about Massage Therapy for Health Purposes 40.28 7 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches forADHD 40.29 6 Things to Know about Type 2 Diabetes and Dietary Supplements 40.30 5 Tips: What You Should Know about Complementary HealthApproaches for BPH 40.31 8 Things to Know about Mind and Body Approaches for HealthProblems Facing Military Personnel and Veterans 40.32 5 Tips: What You Should Know about Tai Chi for Health 40.33 6 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches forSeasonal Allergy Relief 40.34 7 Tips: What You Should Know about Complementary HealthApproaches for Multiple Sclerosis40.35 7 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches forAnxiety 40.36 6 Tips: What You Need to Know about Complementary HealthApproaches for Skin Conditions 40.37 5 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches forParkinson’s Disease40.38 5 Myths about Popular Natural Products Marketed for DiseasePrevention and Wellness 40.39 7 Things to Know about Mind and Body Practices for Childrenand Teens40.40 6 Things to Know about Travel-Related Ailments andComplementary Health Approaches 40.41 6 Tips: IBS and Complementary Health Practices 40.42 5 Things You Should Know about Dietary Supplements forHepatitis C 40.43 5 Things to Know about Probiotics40.44 5 Things to Know about Mind and Body Approaches forSubstance Use Disorders 40.45 4 Things to Know about Menopausal Symptoms andComplementary Health Practices 40.46 6 Things to Know When Selecting a Complementary HealthPractitioner 40.47 5 Tips: What You Should Know about Popular Herbs 40.48 8 Things to Know about Meditation for Health 40.49 6 Things to Know about Complementary Health Approaches forQuitting Smoking40.50 5 Tips: What You Should Know about High Blood Cholesterol 40.51 8 Things to Know about Depression and Complementary HealthApproaches 40.52 10 Things to Know about Dietary Supplements for Children andTeens 40.53 4 Things To Know About Menopausal Symptoms andComplementary Health Practices40.54 Ayurvedic Medicine: In Depth 40.55 Terms Related to Complementary and Integrative Health 41. Skin Conditions and Complementary Health Approaches: What theScience SaysNational Institutes of Health41.1 Atopic Dermatitis41.2 Psoriasis 41.3 Acne 41.4 Impetigo 41.5 Rosacea 42. Nutrition and Health across the Lifespan: Guidelines andRecommendations U.S. Department of Agriculture42.1 Guideline 1: Follow a Healthy Dietary Pattern at Every Life Stage 42.2 Guideline 2: Customize and Enjoy Food and Beverage Choicesto Reflect Personal Preferences, Cultural Traditions, andBudgetary Considerations42.3 Guideline 3: Focus on Meeting Food Group Needs WithNutrient-Dense Foods and Beverages, and Stay Within CalorieLimits 42.4 Guideline 4: Limit Foods and Beverages Higher in Added Sugars,Saturated Fat, and Sodium, and Limit Alcoholic Beverages 42.5 Support Healthy Dietary Patterns for All Americans 43. Using Dietary Supplements Wisely National Institutes of Health43.1 What’s the Bottom Line? 43.2 What Are Dietary Supplements? 43.3 What Are Herbal Supplements? 43.4 Dietary Supplement Use in the United States 43.5 Federal Regulation of Dietary Supplements 43.6 What the Science Says about the Effectiveness of DietarySupplements 43.7 What the Science Says about the Safety and Side Effects ofDietary Supplements 43.8 Safety Considerations 44. Association of Genetic Liability to Smoking Initiation with e-CigaretteUse in Young Adults: A Cohort Study44.1 Introduction 44.2 Results44.3 Discussion 45. Current Issues in Vaccine Development 45.1 Vaccine Development: An Introductory Overview 45.2 How Vaccines Work 45.3 Vaccine Development45.4 Improving Vaccine R&D 45.5 Technologies and Approaches for Vaccine R&D 45.6 Addressing Challenges Related to Vaccine R&D: Policy Options 45.7 Technologies and Approaches That May Enhance Vaccine Testing 45.8 Challenges Related to Vaccine Testing: Policy Options45.9 Technologies and Approaches for Vaccine Manufacturing 45.10 Challenges Related to Vaccine Manufacturing: Policy Options 45.11 Vaccine Development: Economics and Role of Incentives 45.12 Economic Challenges to Vaccine Development: Policy Options 46. Cannabis Products Containing Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol:Increased Availability and Reports of Adverse Events Centers for Disease Control and Prevention46.1 Introduction 46.2 Background 46.3 Recommendations for the Public and Consumers 46.4 Recommendations for Public Health Departments and PoisonControl Centers, Including Those in Locations Where Laws OnlyPermit Hemp Marketplaces46.5 Recommendations for Retailers Selling Cannabis Products 101346.6 Recommendations for Healthcare Providers 46.7 For More Information 47. Natural Doesn’t Necessarily Mean Safer, or Better National Institutes of Health48. How Medications and Supplements Can InteractNational Institutes of Health48.1 Test Your Knowledge: Are These Statements True or False? 48.2 Talk With Your Health Care Providers 48.3 Some Supplements May Increase the Effects—and SideEffects—of Drugs 48.4 Some Supplements May Decrease the Effects of Drugs48.5 More about St. John’s Wort 48.6 Interactions with Over-the-Counter Drugs 48.7 When Drug-Supplement Interactions Are Especially Important48.8 Drugs with a Narrow Therapeutic Range 48.9 If You’re Going to Have Surgery 48.10 Tips on Reading Supplement Labels 48.11 Here’s a Hint for Your Next Visit to a Health Care Provider 49. Antioxidants: Current Issues and Future Trends National Institutes of Health49.1 Introduction 49.2 Key Points 49.3 About Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants 49.4 Use of Antioxidant Supplements in the United States 49.5 Safety 49.6 What the Science Says 49.7 If You Are Considering Antioxidant Supplements49.8 NCCIH- and NIH-Funded Research49.9 For More Information 50. Hearing Loss and Hearing Aids: Current Issues 50.1 What Is Hearing Loss? 50.2 What Noises Cause Hearing Loss? 50.3 How Does Loud Noise Cause Hearing Loss? 50.4 What Is Noise-Induced Hearing Loss? 50.5 How Can I Tell If I Have a Hearing Problem? 50.6 Who Can I Turn to for Help with My Hearing Loss? 50.7 Why Am I Losing My Hearing? 50.8 What Is an Audiogram? 50.9 What Treatments and Devices Can Help? 50.10 Hearing Aids: More Details 50.11 What Are Some Features for Hearing Aids? 50.12 Hearing Aids and How They Work 50.13 Are There Different Styles of Hearing Aids? 50.14 Are New Types of Aids Available? 50.15 What Is the Difference between Analog and Digital Hearing Aids? 50.16 Which Hearing Aid Will Work Best for Me? 50.17 How Do I Get a Hearing Evaluation before Getting Hearing Aids? 50.18 What Is the Difference between Prescription and Over-theCounter Hearing Aids? 50.19 Who Are OTC Hearing Aids for? 50.20 What Questions Should I Ask before Buying a Hearing Aid? 50.21 How Can I Adjust to My Hearing Aid? 50.22 How Can I Care for My Hearing Aid? 107550.23 Can I Obtain Financial Assistance for a Hearing Aid? 50.24 Hearing Aids vs. Personal Sound Amplification Products 51. Bacterial Evolution during Human Infection: Adapt and Live or Adaptand Die 51.1 Introduction 51.2 Conclusions52. Roadblocks in Chagas Disease Care in Endemic and NonendemicCountries: Argentina, Colombia, Spain, and the United States.The NET-Heart Project 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Methods 52.3 Results 52.4 Discussion52.5 Conclusions 53. Pathogens Infecting the Central Nervous System 54. Current Issues in Vaccines Centers for Disease Control and Prevention54.1 History of Vaccines 54.2 Common Ingredients in U.S. Licensed Vaccines 54.3 Understanding the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System 54.4 Science Summary: CDC Studies on Thimerosal in Vaccines 54.5 Pregnancy and Vaccination 54.6 Understanding Thimerosal, Mercury, and Vaccine Safety 54.7 2022 Recommended Immunizations for Children from Birththrough 6 Years Old 54.8 2022 Recommended Immunizations for Children 7–18 Years 54.9 Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for Ages 19 Yearsor Older 55. What Are Embryonic Stem Cells and How Can They Help Us? 55.1 It All Begins in Fertilization, When the Sperm Meets the Egg 55.2 Cloning 55.3 Therapeutic Cloning 55.4 Reprogramming 55.5 Therapy? 55.6 Addendum by the Series Editor, Dr. Raj Bawa: The Future ofEmbryonic Stem Cells 56. The Rise and Rise of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations 56.1 Evolutionary Aspects of Mitochondrial Genetics 56.2 Clonal Expansion of mtDNA Mutations56.3 Population Dynamics of mtDNA Point Mutations 56.4 Population Dynamics of mtDNA Deletions 56.5 Important Challenges and Unanswered Questions 56.6 Modelling Clonal Expansion 56.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 57. Hallmarks of Cancer—the New Testament 57.1 A Historical Perspective on Cancer 57.2 Hallmarks of Cancer 57.3 New Hallmark 1: Dedifferentiation and Transdifferentiation 57.4 New Hallmark 2: Epigenetic Dysregulation 57.5 New Hallmark 3: Altered Microbiome 57.6 New Hallmark 4: Altered Neuronal Signalling 57.7 Conclusion 58. Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease 58.1 Introduction 58.2 Adipose Tissue Expansion and Development 58.3 Inflammation 58.4 Location of Lipid Storage 58.5 Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Insulin Resistance 58.6 Endocrine Functions within Adipose Tissue 58.7 Emerging Approaches to Combat Adipose Tissue-DerivedMetabolic Dysfunction 58.8 Concluding Remarks 59. Viral Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Male ReproductiveHealth59.1 Introduction 59.2 SARS-CoV-2: History, Origin and Transmission 59.3 Possible Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Invasion into Host Cells andImmune Pattern of Infection 59.4 Effect on the Male Reproductive System 59.5 SARS-CoV-2 and Male Fertility 59.6 Gender-Based Susceptibility 59.7 Conclusion 59.8 Future Perspectives 60. Elevated CO2 Modulates Airway Contractility 60.1 Introduction 60.2 Hypercapnia-Induced Bronchoconstriction 60.3 Respiratory Acidosis-Related Bronchodilation 60.4 Effect of Hypocapnia on Airway Contractility 60.5 Conclusion Index