Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels, Liquid Biofuel Production

Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

• 1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1Opubo Gbanaye Benebo1.1 Biofuel Production Background 11.1.1 General Limitations 21.1.2 Limitation of Cashcrop Raw Material 41.1.3 Limitations of Algae Raw Materials Remediation 51.1.4 Limitations Remediation 51.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 81.2.1 Algae Cultivation Assessment 81.2.2 Algal Cultivation Inefficiencies Remediation 111.2.3 Technology Development 121.2.4 Lessons from the Algae Biofuel Industry Collapse 131.2.5 Process Development Norms 141.2.6 Research Team 151.2.7 Alga Cultivation General Issues 161.2.8 Biofuel Process Technology 171.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 181.3.1 Cellular Reaction Kinetics Analysis 191.3.2 Cultivation Bench-Scale Model Design 201.3.3 Cultivation Bioreactor 211.3.4 Concentrator Harvesting of Cells 211.3.5 Cell Rupture Technology 211.3.6 BioFeedstock Separation Process 221.3.7 Bench-Scale Cultivation Process Technology 231.3.8 Process Technology Financial Viability Design 231.3.9 Process Technology Sustainability Engineering 241.3.10 Process Technology Optimization Engineering 251.3.11 Base Cultivation Process Technology 261.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 261.4.1 Resourcing Algal Biomass 271.4.2 Microbes Nutrients-Feed Production 281.4.3 Fermentation Process Technology 281.4.4 Biodiesel Process Technology 291.4.5 Biorefinery Process Technology 291.4.6 Engineering Cost Impact Analysis 30Acknowledgment 32About the Author 33References 342 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi2.1 Introduction 362.2 Algal Biomass Production 382.2.1 Growth Conditions 382.2.1.1 Temperature 382.2.1.2 Light Intensity 382.2.1.3 pH 392.2.1.4 Aeration and Mixing 392.2.1.5 Salinity 392.2.2 Photoautotrophic Production 402.2.2.1 Open Pond Production Pathway 402.2.2.2 Closed Photobioreactor Systems 402.2.3 Harvesting and Dewatering of Algal Biomass 422.2.3.1 Flocculation 422.2.3.2 Chemical Flocculation 422.2.3.3 Electroflocculation 422.2.3.4 Biofloculation 432.2.3.5 Magnetic Separation of Algae 432.2.3.6 Dissolved Air Flotation 432.2.3.7 Filtration 432.2.3.8 Centrifugation 432.2.3.9 Attachment/Biofilm-Based Systems 442.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 442.3.1 Stirred Tank Photobioreactor 452.3.2 Vertical Tubular Photobioreactors 452.3.2.1 Bubble Column 452.3.2.2 Airlift Reactors 462.3.3 Horizontal Tubular Photobioreactors 462.3.4 Flat Panel Photobioreactor 472.4 Algal Biofuels – Feedstock of the Future 482.4.1 Biohydrogen 492.4.2 Biobutanol 492.4.3 Jet Fuel 502.4.4 Biogas 502.4.5 Bioethanol 512.5 Biofuel Pathways 512.5.1 Thermo-Chemical Conversion 522.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 522.5.3 Alcoholic Fermentation 532.5.4 Biophotolysis 532.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 532.6.1 Algae in Human Nutrition 542.6.2 Algae in Animal and Aquaculture Feed 542.6.3 Algae as Fertilizer 552.6.4 Algae as Recombinant Protein 562.6.5 Algae as Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 562.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 572.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 582.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 612.10 Conclusion 63References 643 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and Sandhya Mishra3.1 Introduction 743.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 753.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 763.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5Sugars along with C6 Sugars 773.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 773.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 803.7 Conclusion 82References 834 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical Routes 89Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan4.1 Introduction 894.2 Fast Pyrolysis 924.2.1 Principles 924.2.2 Reactors 924.2.2.1 Bubbling Fluid Bed 944.2.2.2 Circulating Fluid Bed 944.2.2.3 Rotating Cone 1004.2.2.4 Ablative Pyrolysis 1004.2.2.5 Screw Reactor 1014.2.2.6 Other Reaction Systems 1024.2.3 Bio-Oil Composition and Properties 1034.2.4 Factors Affecting on Biomass Pyrolysis 1054.2.4.1 Feedstock 1054.2.4.2 Biomass Pre-Treatment 1054.2.4.3 Temperature and Carrier Gas Flow Rate 1104.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 1114.3.1 Hydrodeoxygenation 1114.3.2 Catalytic Cracking 1144.3.3 Fast Hydropyrolysis 1164.3.4 Cold Plasma 1174.4 Gasification 1264.4.1 Types of Gasifier 1304.4.1.1 Fixed Bed Gasifier 1304.4.1.2 Fluidized Bed Gasifier 1354.4.1.3 Entrained Flow Gasifier 1374.4.2 Influence of Operating Parameters on Gasification Process 1384.4.2.1 Equivalence Ratio 1384.4.2.2 Steam to Biomass Ratio 1384.4.2.3 Gasifying Agents 1394.4.2.4 Gasification Temperature 1394.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 1404.5.1 Fischer-Tropsch Reactors 1404.5.1.1 Multi-Tubular Fixed Bed 1414.5.1.2 Slurry Bubble Column 1414.5.1.3 Fluidized Bed 1434.5.2 Catalysts 1434.5.3 Influence of Operating Parameters on Fisher-Tropsch Synthesis 1454.6 Summary 147References 1485 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 167Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N.5.1 Introduction 1685.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 1695.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 1765.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 1775.4.1 Open Pond Systems 1775.4.2 Closed Photobioreactors (PBR) 1795.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 1805.5.1 Physical Pretreatment 1815.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 1825.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 1835.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 1835.7 Distillation 1845.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 1855.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 1865.10 Conclusions 187References 1876 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal Elgharbawy6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Biomass Energy 2006.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 2016.4 Pome Characterization 2036.5 Pretreatment 2036.5.1 Physical and Physicochemical Pretreatment 2046.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 2056.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 2066.6 Hydrolysis 2066.6.1 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis 2066.6.2 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis 2076.6.3 Base Hydrolysis 2076.6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 2086.6.5 Cellulase Enzymes Hydrolysis 2086.7 Fermentation Process 2096.8 Bioethanol 2106.8.1 Lignocellulosic Bioethanol 2116.8.2 Bioethanol Production by Fermentation of Sugars 2126.8.3 Bioethanol Determined by GC/MS from POME Hydrolysate 2136.9 Conclusion 2146.10 Acknowledgment 214References 2147 Technological Barriers in Biobutanol Production 219Arpita Prasad, Shivani Thakur, Swati Sharma, Shivani Saxena and Vijay Kumar Garlapati7.1 Introduction 2197.2 Production Technologies of Biobutanol 2207.3 Lignocellulosic Materials for Bio-Butanol Production 2237.4 Natural Producers of Biobutanol 2257.5 Main Obstacles in the Biobutanol Production 2277.5.1 Approaches to Overcome the Obstacles 2277.6 Engineered Pathways towards a Better Solventogenic Producer 2277.6.1 Engineered Pathways in Bacteria 2277.6.2 Engineered Pathways in Yeast 2297.7 In-Situ Butanol Recovery Integrated with Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation 2317.8 Future Prospects 2327.9 Conclusions 233References 2338 Biobutanol: Research Breakthrough for its Commercial Interest 237Sandip B. Bankar, Pranhita R. Nimbalkar, Manisha A. Khedkar and Prakash V. Chavan8.1 Introduction 2388.2 Butanol: Next-Generation Liquid Fuel 2398.3 Routes of Butanol Production 2418.3.1 Chemical Route 2418.3.2 Biological Route 2428.4 Microbial ABE Production 2438.4.1 Microbial Strains 2448.4.2 Biosynthetic Pathways of Clostridia 2458.5 Feedstocks Used in ABE Fermentation Process 2478.6 Saccharification and Detoxification Processes 2488.7 Strain Engineering and Developments in Butanol Production 2508.8 Bioreactor Operations 2538.9 Butanol Separation Techniques 2558.9.1 Extraction 2568.9.2 Gas Stripping 2598.9.3 Pervaporation 2608.9.4 Perstraction 2628.9.5 Adsorption 2638.9.6 Hybrid Separation Process 2658.10 Techno-Economic Assessment 2668.11 Current Status and Future Prospective 268References 2709 Potential and Prospects of Biobutanol Production from Agricultural Residues 285Shuvashish Behera, Koushalya S, Sachin Kumar and Jafar Ali B M9.1 Introduction 2869.2 Agricultural Residues 2879.2.1 Husk 2889.2.2 Straw 2899.2.2.1 Wheat Straw 2899.2.2.2 Rice Straw 2909.2.2.3 Barley Straw 2919.2.3 Bagasse 2919.3 ABE Fermentation 2929.3.1 Butanolgenic Microorganisms 2929.3.2 Fermentation 2959.3.3 ABE Pathway 3039.3.3.1 Acid Producing Phase 3049.3.3.2 Solvent Producing Phase 3049.4 Challenges 3059.4.1 Strict Anaerobic Nature 3069.4.2 Tolerance to Solvent 3079.4.3 Sensitivity of Acids 3089.4.4 Shifting of pH 3099.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 309Acknowledgments 310References 31010 State of Art Strategies for Biodiesel Production: Bioengineering Approaches 319Irem Deniz, Bahar Aslanbay and Esra Imamoglu10.1 Introduction 31910.2 Biodiesel and Microalgal Biorefineries 32010.2.1 Microalgae 32110.2.2 Microalgae and Biodiesel 32110.2.3 Selection of Microalgal Strain for Biodiesel Production 32310.2.4 Microalgae Cultivation 32710.2.5 Harvesting and Lipid Extraction 32910.2.6 Conversion of Microalgal Oil to Biodiesel 33110.3 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Biodiesel Production 33210.4 Novel Photobioreactor Designs for Biodiesel Production 33710.5 Advanced Photobioreactor Configurations and Kinetics 33810.6 Conclusions 340References 34011 Bio-Oil Production from Algal Feedstock 351Naveen Dwivedi and Shubha Dwivedi11.1 Introduction 35111.1.1 Microalgae 35311.1.2 Classification of Microalgae 35311.1.3 Algae Growth 35511.2 Technologies Used for the Production of Bio-Oil from Algal Biomass 35611.3 Properties of Bio-Oils 36211.4 Uses of Bio-Oils 36211.5 Up-Gradation of Bio-Oil to Biodiesel along with RecentDevelopments 36311.5.1 Esterification/Alcoholysis 36311.5.2 Solvent Addition 36511.5.3 Emulsification 36511.5.4 Hydrotreating/Hydro Deoxygenation 36611.5.5 Hydro-Cracking 36611.5.6 Zeolite Cracking 36711.6 Conclusion 367References 36812 Effect of Upgrading Techniques on Fuel Properties and Composition of Bio-Oil 373Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Kaustubha Mohanty12.1 Introduction 37412.2 Bio-Oil and its Properties 37512.3 Upgrading of Bio-Oil 37612.3.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis 37612.3.2 In-Situ versus Ex-Situ Catalytic Pyrolysis Process 37712.3.3 Hydrodeoxygenation 37812.3.4 Hydrogenation 37812.3.5 Steam Reforming 37912.3.6 Emulsification 37912.3.7 Esterification 38012.4 Conclusion 381References 382Index 387