Euzeli Cipriano dos Santos Jr. is an assistant professor at Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis. He teaches an electromechanical motion devices course, as well as energy conversion. Previously, he served as a research scholar at Texas A&M University.Edison Roberto Cabral da Silva is an Emeritus Professor within the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Campina Grande, and also a visiting professor at the Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil. He was the director of the research laboratory on industrial electronics and machine drives for 30 years and has been teaching over 38 years. He has published over 270 papers on Power Electronics. He is a researcher from the National Council for Research (CNPq), Brazil.

• Preface xiChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Background 31.3 History of Power Switches and Power Converters 41.4 Applications of Power Electronics Converters 61.5 Summary 9References 9Chapter 2 Power Switches and Overview of Basic Power Converters 102.1 Introduction 102.2 Power Electronics Devices as Ideal Switches 112.2.1 Static Characteristics 122.2.2 Dynamic Characteristics 122.3 Main Real Power Semiconductor Devices 162.3.1 Spontaneous Conduction/Spontaneous Blocking 172.3.2 Controlled Conduction/Spontaneous Blocking Devices 182.3.3 Controlled Conduction/Controlled Blocking Devices 192.3.4 Spontaneous Conduction/Controlled Blocking Devices 222.3.5 List of Inventors of the Major Power Switches 242.4 Basic Converters 252.4.1 dc–dc Conversion 282.4.2 dc–ac Conversion 332.4.3 ac–dc Conversion 432.4.4 ac–dc Conversion 492.5 Summary 50References 52Chapter 3 Power Electronics Converters Processing AC Voltage and Power Blocks Geometry 563.1 Introduction 563.2 Principles of Power Blocks Geometry (PBG) 583.3 Description of Power Blocks 623.4 Application of PBG in Multilevel Configurations 673.4.1 Neutral-Point-Clamped Configuration 683.4.2 Cascade Configuration 723.4.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 753.4.4 Other Multilevel Configurations 793.5 Application of PBG in ac–dc–ac Configurations 813.5.1 Three-Phase to Three-Phase Configurations 823.5.2 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Configurations 853.6 Summary 85References 87Chapter 4 Neutral-Point-Clamped Configuration 884.1 Introduction 884.2 Three-Level Configuration 894.3 PWM Implementation (Half-Bridge Topology) 934.4 Full-Bridge Topologies 954.5 Three-Phase NPC Converter 984.6 Nonconventional Arrangements by Using Three-Level Legs 1014.7 Unbalanced Capacitor Voltage 1084.8 Four-Level Configuration 1124.9 PWM Implementation (Four-Level Configuration) 1154.10 Full-Bridge and Other Circuits (Four-Level Configuration) 1184.11 Five-Level Configuration 1194.12 Summary 124References 124Chapter 5 Cascade Configuration 1255.1 Introduction 1255.2 Single H-Bridge Converter 1265.3 PWM Implementation of a Single H-Bridge Converter 1295.4 Three-Phase Converter—One H-Bridge Converter Per Phase 1405.5 Two H-Bridge Converters 1445.6 PWM Implementation of Two Cascade H-Bridges 1465.7 Three-Phase Converter—Two Cascade H-Bridges Per Phase 1495.8 Two H-Bridge Converters (Seven- and Nine-Level Topologies) 1625.9 Three H-Bridge Converters 1645.10 Four H-Bridge Converters and Generalization 1695.11 Summary 169References 170Chapter 6 Flying-Capacitor Configuration 1726.1 Introduction 1726.2 Three-Level Configuration 1736.3 PWM Implementation (Half-Bridge Topology) 1776.4 Flying Capacitor Voltage Control 1796.5 Full-Bridge Topology 1816.6 Three-Phase FC Converter 1836.7 Nonconventional FC Converters with Three-Level Legs 1866.8 Four-Level Configuration 1896.9 Generalization 1966.10 Summary 197References 198Chapter 7 Other Multilevel Configurations 1997.1 Introduction 1997.2 Nested Configuration 2007.3 Topology with Magnetic Element at the Output 2057.4 Active-Neutral-Point-Clamped Converters 2117.5 More Multilevel Converters 2147.6 Summary 218References 219Chapter 8 Optimized PWM Approach 2218.1 Introduction 2218.2 Two-Leg Converter 2228.2.1 Model 2228.2.2 PWM Implementation 2238.2.3 Analog and Digital Implementation 2288.2.4 Influence of 𝜇 for PWM Implementation 2318.3 Three-Leg Converter and Three-Phase Load 2338.3.1 Model 2338.3.2 PWM Implementation 2358.3.3 Analog and Digital Implementation 2368.3.4 Influence of 𝜇 for PWM Implementation in a Three-Leg Converter 2368.3.5 Influence of the Three-Phase Machine Connection over Inverter Variables 2388.4 Space Vector Modulation (SVPWM) 2438.5 Other Configurations with CPWM 2478.5.1 Three-Leg Converter—Two-Phase Machine 2478.5.2 Four-Leg Converter 2498.6 Nonconventional Topologies with CPWM 2528.6.1 Inverter with Split-Wound Coupled Inductors 2528.6.2 Z-Source Converter 2548.6.3 Open-End Winding Motor Drive System 2578.7 Summary 261References 261Chapter 9 Control Strategies for Power Converters 2649.1 Introduction 2649.2 Basic Control Principles 2659.3 Hysteresis Control 2719.3.1 Application of the Hysteresis Control for dc Motor Drive 2759.3.2 Hysteresis Control for Regulating an ac Variable 2789.4 Linear Control—dc Variable 2799.4.1 Proportional Controller: RL Load 2799.4.2 Proportional Controller: dc Motor Drive System 2809.4.3 Proportional-Integral Controller: RL Load 2839.4.4 Proportional-Integral Controller: dc Motor 2859.4.5 Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller: dc Motor 2869.5 Linear Control—ac Variable 2889.6 Cascade Control Strategies 2899.6.1 Rectifier Circuit: Voltage-Current Control 2899.6.2 Motor Drive: Speed-Current Control 2909.7 Summary 293References 293Chapter 10 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Back-to-Back Converter 29510.1 Introduction 29510.2 Full-Bridge Converter 29610.2.1 Model 29610.2.2 PWM Strategy 29710.2.3 Control Approach 29810.2.4 Power Analysis 29910.2.5 dc-link Capacitor Voltage 30110.2.6 Capacitor Bank Design 30410.3 Topology with Component Count Reduction 30710.3.1 Model 30710.3.2 PWM Strategy 30810.3.3 dc-link Voltage Requirement 30910.3.4 Half-Bridge Converter 31010.4 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Parallel) 31010.4.1 Model 31110.4.2 PWM Strategy 31510.4.3 Control Strategy 31610.5 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Series) 31810.6 Summary 321References 321Chapter 11 Three-Phase to Three-Phase and Other Back-to-Back Converters 32411.1 Introduction 32411.2 Full-Bridge Converter 32511.2.1 Model 32511.2.2 PWM Strategy 32711.2.3 Control Approach 32811.3 Topology with Component Count Reduction 33011.3.1 Model 33011.3.2 PWM Strategies 33111.3.3 dc-link Voltage Requirement 33211.3.4 Half-Bridge Converter 33211.4 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Parallel) 33211.4.1 Model 33311.4.2 PWM 33811.4.3 Control Strategies 33911.5 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Series) 34011.6 Other Back-To-Back Converters 34011.7 Summary 344References 344Index 347

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Euzeli Cipriano dos Santos Jr. is an assistant professor at Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis. He teaches an electromechanical motion devices course, as well as energy conversion. Previously, he served as a research scholar at Texas A&M University.Edison Roberto Cabral da Silva is an Emeritus Professor within the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Campina Grande, and also a visiting professor at the Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil. He was the director of the research laboratory on industrial electronics and machine drives for 30 years and has been teaching over 38 years. He has published over 270 papers on Power Electronics. He is a researcher from the National Council for Research (CNPq), Brazil.

• Preface xiChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Background 31.3 History of Power Switches and Power Converters 41.4 Applications of Power Electronics Converters 61.5 Summary 9References 9Chapter 2 Power Switches and Overview of Basic Power Converters 102.1 Introduction 102.2 Power Electronics Devices as Ideal Switches 112.2.1 Static Characteristics 122.2.2 Dynamic Characteristics 122.3 Main Real Power Semiconductor Devices 162.3.1 Spontaneous Conduction/Spontaneous Blocking 172.3.2 Controlled Conduction/Spontaneous Blocking Devices 182.3.3 Controlled Conduction/Controlled Blocking Devices 192.3.4 Spontaneous Conduction/Controlled Blocking Devices 222.3.5 List of Inventors of the Major Power Switches 242.4 Basic Converters 252.4.1 dc–dc Conversion 282.4.2 dc–ac Conversion 332.4.3 ac–dc Conversion 432.4.4 ac–dc Conversion 492.5 Summary 50References 52Chapter 3 Power Electronics Converters Processing AC Voltage and Power Blocks Geometry 563.1 Introduction 563.2 Principles of Power Blocks Geometry (PBG) 583.3 Description of Power Blocks 623.4 Application of PBG in Multilevel Configurations 673.4.1 Neutral-Point-Clamped Configuration 683.4.2 Cascade Configuration 723.4.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 753.4.4 Other Multilevel Configurations 793.5 Application of PBG in ac–dc–ac Configurations 813.5.1 Three-Phase to Three-Phase Configurations 823.5.2 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Configurations 853.6 Summary 85References 87Chapter 4 Neutral-Point-Clamped Configuration 884.1 Introduction 884.2 Three-Level Configuration 894.3 PWM Implementation (Half-Bridge Topology) 934.4 Full-Bridge Topologies 954.5 Three-Phase NPC Converter 984.6 Nonconventional Arrangements by Using Three-Level Legs 1014.7 Unbalanced Capacitor Voltage 1084.8 Four-Level Configuration 1124.9 PWM Implementation (Four-Level Configuration) 1154.10 Full-Bridge and Other Circuits (Four-Level Configuration) 1184.11 Five-Level Configuration 1194.12 Summary 124References 124Chapter 5 Cascade Configuration 1255.1 Introduction 1255.2 Single H-Bridge Converter 1265.3 PWM Implementation of a Single H-Bridge Converter 1295.4 Three-Phase Converter—One H-Bridge Converter Per Phase 1405.5 Two H-Bridge Converters 1445.6 PWM Implementation of Two Cascade H-Bridges 1465.7 Three-Phase Converter—Two Cascade H-Bridges Per Phase 1495.8 Two H-Bridge Converters (Seven- and Nine-Level Topologies) 1625.9 Three H-Bridge Converters 1645.10 Four H-Bridge Converters and Generalization 1695.11 Summary 169References 170Chapter 6 Flying-Capacitor Configuration 1726.1 Introduction 1726.2 Three-Level Configuration 1736.3 PWM Implementation (Half-Bridge Topology) 1776.4 Flying Capacitor Voltage Control 1796.5 Full-Bridge Topology 1816.6 Three-Phase FC Converter 1836.7 Nonconventional FC Converters with Three-Level Legs 1866.8 Four-Level Configuration 1896.9 Generalization 1966.10 Summary 197References 198Chapter 7 Other Multilevel Configurations 1997.1 Introduction 1997.2 Nested Configuration 2007.3 Topology with Magnetic Element at the Output 2057.4 Active-Neutral-Point-Clamped Converters 2117.5 More Multilevel Converters 2147.6 Summary 218References 219Chapter 8 Optimized PWM Approach 2218.1 Introduction 2218.2 Two-Leg Converter 2228.2.1 Model 2228.2.2 PWM Implementation 2238.2.3 Analog and Digital Implementation 2288.2.4 Influence of 𝜇 for PWM Implementation 2318.3 Three-Leg Converter and Three-Phase Load 2338.3.1 Model 2338.3.2 PWM Implementation 2358.3.3 Analog and Digital Implementation 2368.3.4 Influence of 𝜇 for PWM Implementation in a Three-Leg Converter 2368.3.5 Influence of the Three-Phase Machine Connection over Inverter Variables 2388.4 Space Vector Modulation (SVPWM) 2438.5 Other Configurations with CPWM 2478.5.1 Three-Leg Converter—Two-Phase Machine 2478.5.2 Four-Leg Converter 2498.6 Nonconventional Topologies with CPWM 2528.6.1 Inverter with Split-Wound Coupled Inductors 2528.6.2 Z-Source Converter 2548.6.3 Open-End Winding Motor Drive System 2578.7 Summary 261References 261Chapter 9 Control Strategies for Power Converters 2649.1 Introduction 2649.2 Basic Control Principles 2659.3 Hysteresis Control 2719.3.1 Application of the Hysteresis Control for dc Motor Drive 2759.3.2 Hysteresis Control for Regulating an ac Variable 2789.4 Linear Control—dc Variable 2799.4.1 Proportional Controller: RL Load 2799.4.2 Proportional Controller: dc Motor Drive System 2809.4.3 Proportional-Integral Controller: RL Load 2839.4.4 Proportional-Integral Controller: dc Motor 2859.4.5 Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller: dc Motor 2869.5 Linear Control—ac Variable 2889.6 Cascade Control Strategies 2899.6.1 Rectifier Circuit: Voltage-Current Control 2899.6.2 Motor Drive: Speed-Current Control 2909.7 Summary 293References 293Chapter 10 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Back-to-Back Converter 29510.1 Introduction 29510.2 Full-Bridge Converter 29610.2.1 Model 29610.2.2 PWM Strategy 29710.2.3 Control Approach 29810.2.4 Power Analysis 29910.2.5 dc-link Capacitor Voltage 30110.2.6 Capacitor Bank Design 30410.3 Topology with Component Count Reduction 30710.3.1 Model 30710.3.2 PWM Strategy 30810.3.3 dc-link Voltage Requirement 30910.3.4 Half-Bridge Converter 31010.4 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Parallel) 31010.4.1 Model 31110.4.2 PWM Strategy 31510.4.3 Control Strategy 31610.5 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Series) 31810.6 Summary 321References 321Chapter 11 Three-Phase to Three-Phase and Other Back-to-Back Converters 32411.1 Introduction 32411.2 Full-Bridge Converter 32511.2.1 Model 32511.2.2 PWM Strategy 32711.2.3 Control Approach 32811.3 Topology with Component Count Reduction 33011.3.1 Model 33011.3.2 PWM Strategies 33111.3.3 dc-link Voltage Requirement 33211.3.4 Half-Bridge Converter 33211.4 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Parallel) 33211.4.1 Model 33311.4.2 PWM 33811.4.3 Control Strategies 33911.5 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Series) 34011.6 Other Back-To-Back Converters 34011.7 Summary 344References 344Index 347

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Euzeli Cipriano dos Santos Jr. is an assistant professor at Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis. He teaches an electromechanical motion devices course, as well as energy conversion. Previously, he served as a research scholar at Texas A&M University.Edison Roberto Cabral da Silva is an Emeritus Professor within the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Campina Grande, and also a visiting professor at the Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil. He was the director of the research laboratory on industrial electronics and machine drives for 30 years and has been teaching over 38 years. He has published over 270 papers on Power Electronics. He is a researcher from the National Council for Research (CNPq), Brazil.

• Preface xiChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Background 31.3 History of Power Switches and Power Converters 41.4 Applications of Power Electronics Converters 61.5 Summary 9References 9Chapter 2 Power Switches and Overview of Basic Power Converters 102.1 Introduction 102.2 Power Electronics Devices as Ideal Switches 112.2.1 Static Characteristics 122.2.2 Dynamic Characteristics 122.3 Main Real Power Semiconductor Devices 162.3.1 Spontaneous Conduction/Spontaneous Blocking 172.3.2 Controlled Conduction/Spontaneous Blocking Devices 182.3.3 Controlled Conduction/Controlled Blocking Devices 192.3.4 Spontaneous Conduction/Controlled Blocking Devices 222.3.5 List of Inventors of the Major Power Switches 242.4 Basic Converters 252.4.1 dc–dc Conversion 282.4.2 dc–ac Conversion 332.4.3 ac–dc Conversion 432.4.4 ac–dc Conversion 492.5 Summary 50References 52Chapter 3 Power Electronics Converters Processing AC Voltage and Power Blocks Geometry 563.1 Introduction 563.2 Principles of Power Blocks Geometry (PBG) 583.3 Description of Power Blocks 623.4 Application of PBG in Multilevel Configurations 673.4.1 Neutral-Point-Clamped Configuration 683.4.2 Cascade Configuration 723.4.3 Flying Capacitor Configuration 753.4.4 Other Multilevel Configurations 793.5 Application of PBG in ac–dc–ac Configurations 813.5.1 Three-Phase to Three-Phase Configurations 823.5.2 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Configurations 853.6 Summary 85References 87Chapter 4 Neutral-Point-Clamped Configuration 884.1 Introduction 884.2 Three-Level Configuration 894.3 PWM Implementation (Half-Bridge Topology) 934.4 Full-Bridge Topologies 954.5 Three-Phase NPC Converter 984.6 Nonconventional Arrangements by Using Three-Level Legs 1014.7 Unbalanced Capacitor Voltage 1084.8 Four-Level Configuration 1124.9 PWM Implementation (Four-Level Configuration) 1154.10 Full-Bridge and Other Circuits (Four-Level Configuration) 1184.11 Five-Level Configuration 1194.12 Summary 124References 124Chapter 5 Cascade Configuration 1255.1 Introduction 1255.2 Single H-Bridge Converter 1265.3 PWM Implementation of a Single H-Bridge Converter 1295.4 Three-Phase Converter—One H-Bridge Converter Per Phase 1405.5 Two H-Bridge Converters 1445.6 PWM Implementation of Two Cascade H-Bridges 1465.7 Three-Phase Converter—Two Cascade H-Bridges Per Phase 1495.8 Two H-Bridge Converters (Seven- and Nine-Level Topologies) 1625.9 Three H-Bridge Converters 1645.10 Four H-Bridge Converters and Generalization 1695.11 Summary 169References 170Chapter 6 Flying-Capacitor Configuration 1726.1 Introduction 1726.2 Three-Level Configuration 1736.3 PWM Implementation (Half-Bridge Topology) 1776.4 Flying Capacitor Voltage Control 1796.5 Full-Bridge Topology 1816.6 Three-Phase FC Converter 1836.7 Nonconventional FC Converters with Three-Level Legs 1866.8 Four-Level Configuration 1896.9 Generalization 1966.10 Summary 197References 198Chapter 7 Other Multilevel Configurations 1997.1 Introduction 1997.2 Nested Configuration 2007.3 Topology with Magnetic Element at the Output 2057.4 Active-Neutral-Point-Clamped Converters 2117.5 More Multilevel Converters 2147.6 Summary 218References 219Chapter 8 Optimized PWM Approach 2218.1 Introduction 2218.2 Two-Leg Converter 2228.2.1 Model 2228.2.2 PWM Implementation 2238.2.3 Analog and Digital Implementation 2288.2.4 Influence of 𝜇 for PWM Implementation 2318.3 Three-Leg Converter and Three-Phase Load 2338.3.1 Model 2338.3.2 PWM Implementation 2358.3.3 Analog and Digital Implementation 2368.3.4 Influence of 𝜇 for PWM Implementation in a Three-Leg Converter 2368.3.5 Influence of the Three-Phase Machine Connection over Inverter Variables 2388.4 Space Vector Modulation (SVPWM) 2438.5 Other Configurations with CPWM 2478.5.1 Three-Leg Converter—Two-Phase Machine 2478.5.2 Four-Leg Converter 2498.6 Nonconventional Topologies with CPWM 2528.6.1 Inverter with Split-Wound Coupled Inductors 2528.6.2 Z-Source Converter 2548.6.3 Open-End Winding Motor Drive System 2578.7 Summary 261References 261Chapter 9 Control Strategies for Power Converters 2649.1 Introduction 2649.2 Basic Control Principles 2659.3 Hysteresis Control 2719.3.1 Application of the Hysteresis Control for dc Motor Drive 2759.3.2 Hysteresis Control for Regulating an ac Variable 2789.4 Linear Control—dc Variable 2799.4.1 Proportional Controller: RL Load 2799.4.2 Proportional Controller: dc Motor Drive System 2809.4.3 Proportional-Integral Controller: RL Load 2839.4.4 Proportional-Integral Controller: dc Motor 2859.4.5 Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller: dc Motor 2869.5 Linear Control—ac Variable 2889.6 Cascade Control Strategies 2899.6.1 Rectifier Circuit: Voltage-Current Control 2899.6.2 Motor Drive: Speed-Current Control 2909.7 Summary 293References 293Chapter 10 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Back-to-Back Converter 29510.1 Introduction 29510.2 Full-Bridge Converter 29610.2.1 Model 29610.2.2 PWM Strategy 29710.2.3 Control Approach 29810.2.4 Power Analysis 29910.2.5 dc-link Capacitor Voltage 30110.2.6 Capacitor Bank Design 30410.3 Topology with Component Count Reduction 30710.3.1 Model 30710.3.2 PWM Strategy 30810.3.3 dc-link Voltage Requirement 30910.3.4 Half-Bridge Converter 31010.4 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Parallel) 31010.4.1 Model 31110.4.2 PWM Strategy 31510.4.3 Control Strategy 31610.5 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Series) 31810.6 Summary 321References 321Chapter 11 Three-Phase to Three-Phase and Other Back-to-Back Converters 32411.1 Introduction 32411.2 Full-Bridge Converter 32511.2.1 Model 32511.2.2 PWM Strategy 32711.2.3 Control Approach 32811.3 Topology with Component Count Reduction 33011.3.1 Model 33011.3.2 PWM Strategies 33111.3.3 dc-link Voltage Requirement 33211.3.4 Half-Bridge Converter 33211.4 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Parallel) 33211.4.1 Model 33311.4.2 PWM 33811.4.3 Control Strategies 33911.5 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Series) 34011.6 Other Back-To-Back Converters 34011.7 Summary 344References 344Index 347

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