Advanced Modelling Techniques in Structural Design

Dr Feng Fu is a Chartered Structural Engineer and Member of the American Society of Civil Engineering. He received his PhD from the University of Leeds and MBA from the University of Manchester, and is currently a Lecturer in Structural Engineering at City University  London. Prior to his academic career, he worked for several leading engineering consultants including WSP Group Ltd London, Waterman Group Ltd London and the Beijing Institute of Architectural Design and Research. He has worked with several world-leading architects on the design and analysis of a range of complex and challenging structures, as well as gaining extensive experience in designing buildings under extreme loads such as blast and fire.

• About the Author xiPreface xiiiAcknowledgements xv1 Introduction 11.1 Aims and scope 11.2 Main structural design problems 21.3 Introduction of finite element method 31.3.1 Finite element methods 31.3.2 Finite element types 41.4 Conclusion 8References 82 Major modelling programs and building information modelling (BIM) 92.1 Fundamentals of analysis programs 92.1.1 Selection of correct analysis packages 92.1.2 Basic analysis procedures 102.2 Building information modelling (BIM) 102.3 Main analysis programs in current design practice 112.3.1 Abaqus® 112.3.2 ANSYS 122.3.3 SAP2000 122.3.4 ETABS 122.3.5 Autodesk robot structural analysis professional 132.3.6 STAAD.Pro 132.4 Major draughting program 132.4.1 AutoCAD 142.4.2 Autodesk Revit 142.4.3 Rhino3D 142.4.4 Bentley MicroStation 152.5 Method to model complex geometry 152.5.1 Import geometry into SAP 2000 162.5.2 Import geometry into ETABS 192.5.3 Import geometry into Abaqus® 212.5.4 Set up model with Revit 25References 25Software and manuals 253 Tall buildings 263.1 Introduction 263.2 Structural systems of tall buildings 263.2.1 Gravity load resisting systems 263.2.2 Lateral load resisting systems 273.3 Lateral resisting systems and modelling examples 273.3.1 Moment resisting frames (MRF) 273.3.2 Shear walls 283.3.3 Bracing systems 283.3.4 Outrigger structures 293.3.5 Tube structures and modelling example of the Willis Towers 303.3.6 Diagrid structures and modelling example of the Gherkin 343.3.7 Super frame (mega frame) structures and modelling example 453.4 Modelling example of the Burj Khalifa 453.4.1 Model set up 493.4.2 Analysis and result 543.5 Modelling example of Taipei 101 with tuned mass damper (TMD) 553.5.1 TMD modelling 553.5.2 TMD modelling result 603.6 Conclusion 60References 604 Earthquake analysis of buildings 614.1 Introduction 614.2 Basic earthquake knowledge 614.2.1 Categories of earthquake waves 614.2.2 Measurement of earthquake 624.3 Basic dynamic knowledge 624.3.1 SDOF 624.3.2 SDOF under earthquake 634.3.3 MDOF under earthquake 664.3.4 Response spectrum 674.3.5 Modal analysis 684.3.6 Response spectrum from Eurocode 8 684.3.7 Ductility and modified response spectrum 694.4 Modelling example of the response spectrum analysis using SAP20001 704.5 Time history analysis and modelling example using SAP2000 814.5.1 Fundamentals of time history analysis 814.5.2 Modelling example of time history analysis using SAP2000 814.6 Push-over analysis and modelling example using SAP2000 874.6.1 Introduction 874.6.2 Modelling example of push-over analysis using SAP2000 88References 97Codes and building regulations 97Software and manuals 975 Progressive collapse analysis 985.1 Introduction 985.2 Design guidance for progressive collapse analysis 985.3 Risk assessment 995.4 Design and analysis method 995.4.1 Indirect design method 995.4.2 Direct design method 1005.4.3 Selection of design method 1015.4.4 Structural analysis procedures and acceptance criteria 1015.5 Modelling example of progressive collapse analysis using SAP2000 – nonlinear dynamic procedure 104References 112Codes and building regulations 1126 Blast and impact loading 1136.1 Introduction 1136.2 Fundamentals of blast loading 1136.2.1 Basic design principles 1136.2.2 Major blast attack regimes 1146.2.3 Blast load characteristics 1146.2.4 Principle of the scaling law 1146.2.5 Simplification of the blast load profile 1156.2.6 Material behaviours at high strain-rate 1166.2.7 Dynamic response and pressure impulse diagrams 1166.3 Introduction of SPH theory 1176.4 Modelling examples of impact loading analysis using the coupled SPH and FEA method in Abaqus® 1196.4.1 Modelling technique 1196.4.2 Modelling example 120References 139Codes and building regulations 139Software and manuals 1397 Structural fire analysis 1407.1 Introduction 1407.2 Basic knowledge of heat transfer 1407.3 Fire development process 1417.4 Fire protection method 1427.4.1 Active system control 1427.4.2 Passive system control 1437.5 Fire temperature curve 1437.6 Determination of the thermal response of structural members 1457.7 Structural fire design 1457.7.1 Fire safety design objectives 1457.7.2 Fire safety design framework 1467.8 Major modelling techniques for structural fire analysis 1467.8.1 Zone model 1467.8.2 CFD model 1467.8.3 Finite element method using the fire temperature curve 1477.9 Modelling example of heat transfer analysis using Abaqus® 1477.9.1 Model set up 1477.9.2 Define the heat transferring parameters 1527.9.3 Analysis 1647.9.4 Model results 1647.9.5 Other type of slabs 164References 166Building codes and regulations 1668 Space structures 1678.1 Introduction 1678.2 Type of space structures 1678.2.1 Double layer grids 1678.2.2 Latticed shell structures 1688.2.3 Tensegrity domes 1708.3 Design load 1728.3.1 Dead load 1728.3.2 Live load 1738.3.3 Temperature effect 1738.4 Stability analysis of space structures 1738.4.1 Member buckling analysis 1738.4.2 Local buckling analysis 1748.4.3 Global buckling analysis 1758.5 Modelling example of a single layer dome using SAP 2000 (including global buckling analysis) 1768.5.1 Set up a 3D model in AutoCAD 1778.5.2 Import the 3D model into SAP 2000 1778.5.3 Define load pattern 1778.5.4 Define load cases (including global buckling analysis) 1778.5.5 Run global buckling analysis 1808.5.6 Define load combination 1838.5.7 Analysis and result 1838.5.8 Auto-design module 1858.6 Nonlinear geometric analysis of Tensegrity structures 1858.6.1 The initial geometrical equilibrium (form finding) 1858.6.2 Static analysis 1868.7 Modelling example of Tensigrity dome using SAP 2000 (nonlinear geometrical analysis) 1878.7.1 Set up a 3D model in Rhino 1878.7.2 Import 3D model into SAP 2000 1878.7.3 Nonlinear geometric analysis of Tensegrity using SAP 2000 1888.7.4 Define the prestressed force 1908.7.5 Form finding (determination of initial geometrical equilibrium 1918.7.6 Static analysis 195References 195Building codes and regulations 196Software and manuals 1969 Bridge structures 1979.1 Introduction 1979.2 Structural types of bridges 1979.2.1 Beam bridges and truss bridges 1979.2.2 Arch bridges 1989.2.3 Cantilever bridges 1989.2.4 Suspension bridges 1989.2.5 Cable-stayed bridges 2009.3 Structural design of bridge structure 2019.4 Design loading 2019.4.1 Dead loads 2029.4.2 Live loads 2029.4.3 Seismic effects on bridges 2029.4.4 Wind effects on bridges 2039.4.5 Accidental actions (impact loads) 2039.5 Modelling example of Milau Viaduct using CSI Bridge 2039.5.1 Model set up 2039.6 Defining abutments 2089.6.1 Define the vehicle loading 2099.6.2 Analysis and result 2119.7 Modelling example of Forth Bridge using SAP 2000 213References 221Codes and regulations 22110 Foot-induced vibration 22210.1 Introduction to vibration problems in structural design 22210.2 Characteristics of foot-induced dynamic loads 22210.2.1 Pace frequency 22210.2.2 Vertical loading 22310.2.3 Horizontal loads 22310.2.4 Loads induced by groups and crowds 22410.3 Acceptance criteria 22410.3.1 Footbridge 22510.3.2 Floor slabs 22510.4 Loading representation of foot-induced vibration 22710.4.1 Time-domain solution (time history analysis) 22710.4.2 Frequency-based solutions (random analysis) 22810.5 Modelling example of vibration analysis for the Millennium Bridge using SAP2000 (time-based method) 22910.5.1 Model set up 23010.5.2 Simulation of pedestrian loads 23010.5.3 Analysis of Millennium Bridge before retrofit 23310.5.4 Analysis of the Millennium Bridge after retrofit 23510.6 Modelling example of vibration analysis of hospital floor using Abaqus® (frequency-based method) 23810.6.1 Prototype structure 23810.6.2 Modelling technique 23910.6.3 Analysis procedures and major Abaqus® commands used in the simulation 24010.6.4 Analysis result interpretation 245References 251Codes and building regulations 251Software and manuals 252Index 253

"The book will be of interest to specialised structural analysis practitioners who would like to broaden their practical knowledge of the scope of other providers of currently available acceptable analysis software for more specialised structural analyses and scenarios." (The Structural Engineer, March 2016)