Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications

Norman N. Li, PhD, is the President of NL Chemical Technology, Inc., and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Dr. Li holds forty-five patents, has edited twenty books, and has received many honors, including the 2000 Perkin Medal presented by the Society of Chemical Industry American Section. Anthony G. Fane, PhD, is Director of the Singapore Membrane Technology Centre at NanyangTechnological University, Singapore. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering.W. S. Winston Ho, PhD, has been University Scholar Professor of Chemical Engineering at The Ohio State University. He holds more than fifty U.S. patents in separation processes and has won several awards, including the 2007 Clarence G. Gerhold Award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.Takeshi Matsuura, PhD, is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at University of Ottawa, Canada. He has published more than 300 papers in refereed journals, authored or coauthored three books, and edited four books.

• PREFACE xv ABOUT THE EDITORS xviiCONTRIBUTORS xixPART I MEMBRANES AND APPLICATIONS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER 11. Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Reverse Osmosis 3Tadahiro Uemura and Masahiro Henmi1.1 Introduction 31.2 Application of RO Membranes 31.3 Major Progress in RO Membranes 41.4 Trends in RO Membrane Technology 61.5 Reverse Osmosis/Biofouling Protection 131.6 Low-Fouling RO Membrane for Wastewater Reclamation 141.7 Chlorine Tolerance of Cross-Linked Aromatic Polyamide Membrane 172. Cellulose Triacetate Membranes for Reverse Osmosis 21A. Kumano and N. Fujiwara2.1 Introduction 212.2 History of Cellulose Acetate Membrane 212.3 Toyobo RO Module for Seawater Desalination 222.4 Actual Performance of Toyobo RO Module for Seawater Desalination 282.5 Most Recent RO Module of Cellulose Triacetate 352.6 Conclusion 433. Seawater Desalination 47Nikolay Voutchkov and Raphael Semiat3.1 Introduction 473.2 Seawater Desalination Plant Configuration 503.3 Water Production Costs 823.4 Future Trends 843.5 Conclusion 854. Seawater Desalination by Ultralow-Energy Reverse Osmosis 87R. L. Truby4.1 Introduction 874.2 SWRO Energy Reduction Using Energy Recovery Technology 884.3 SWRO Energy Optimization 954.4 Affordable Desalination Collaboration (ADC) 964.5 Conclusion 995. Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 101N. Kubota, T. Hashimoto, and Y. Mori5.1 Introduction 1015.2 Recent Trends and Progress in MF/UF Technology 1045.3 Future Prospects 1276. Water Treatment by Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 131M. D. Kennedy, J. Kamanyi, S. G. Salinas Rodrı´guez, N. H. Lee, J. C. Schippers, and G. Amy6.1 Introduction 1316.2 Materials, Module Configurations, and Manufacturers 1336.3 Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration Pretreatment 1426.4 Membrane Applications 1466.5 Membrane Fouling and Cleaning 1496.6 Integrated Membrane Systems (MF or UF þ RO or NF) 1606.7 Backwash Water Reuse, Treatment, and Disposal 1647. Water Reclamation and Desalination by Membranes 171Pierre Cote, Mingang Liu, and Steven Siverns7.1 Introduction 1717.2 Water Reclamation and Seawater Desalination 1727.3 Cost Estimation 1737.4 Process Options for Water Reclamation 1747.5 Cost of Water Reclamation 1777.6 Process Options for Desalination 1817.7 Cost of Desalination 1817.8 Water Reuse versus Desalination 1857.9 Conclusions 1868. Chitosan Membranes with Nanoparticles for Remediation of Chlorinated Organics 189Yit-Hong Tee and Dibakar Bhattacharyya8.1 Introduction 1898.2 Experimental Section 1918.3 Results and Discussions 1978.4 Conclusions 2129. Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment 217P. Cornel and S. Krause9.1 Introduction 2179.2 Principle of the Membrane Bioreactor Process 2179.3 MBR Design Considerations 2309.4 Applications and Cost 2339.5 Conclusions and Summary 23510. Submerged Membranes 239Anthony G. Fane10.1 Introduction 23910.2 Modes of Operation of Submerged Membranes 24110.3 Submerged Membrane Module Geometries 24610.4 Bubbling and Hydrodynamic Considerations 25310.5 Practical Aspects 26210.6 Applications 26710.7 Conclusions 26811. Nanofiltration 271Bart Van der Bruggen and Jeroen Geens11.1 Introduction 27111.2 Process Principles 27211.3 Application of Nanofiltration for Production of Drinking Water and Process Water 27611.4 Wastewater Polishing and Water Reuse 28011.5 Other Applications 28311.6 Solvent-Resistant Nanofiltration 28411.7 Conclusions 28712. Membrane Distillation 297Mohamed Khayet12.1 Introduction to Membrane Distillation 29712.2 Membrane Distillation Membranes and Modules 30512.3 Membrane Distillation Membrane Characterization Techniques 32012.4 Transport Mechanisms in MD: Temperature Polarization, Concentration Polarization, and Theoretical Models 33112.5 Membrane Distillation Applications 34112.6 Long-Term MD Performance and Membrane Fouling in MD 35512.7 Hybrid MD Systems 35612.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions in MD 35713. Ultrapure Water by Membranes 371Avijit Dey13.1 Introduction 37113.2 Integrated Membrane Technology in UPW Systems 377PART II MEMBRANES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CHEMICAL/BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 40714. Tissue Engineering with Membranes 409Zhanfeng Cui14.1 Introduction 40914.2 Hollow-Fiber Membrane Bioreactors for Three-Dimensional Tissue Culture 41214.3 Micromembrane Probes for Tissue Engineering Monitoring 42014.4 Future Opportunities 42714.5 Summary 42915. Biopharmaceutical Separations by Ultrafiltration 435Raja Ghosh15.1 Introduction 43515.2 Ultrafiltration: An Overview 43615.3 Basic Working Principles of Ultrafiltration 43715.4 Ultrafiltration Membranes and Devices 43815.5 Ultrafiltration Processes 44615.6 Conclusion 44916. Nanofiltration in Organic Solvents 451P. Silva, L. G. Peeva, and A. G. Livingston16.1 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes 45116.2 OSN Transport Mechanisms—Theoretical Background 45816.3 Applications of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration 46117. Pervaporation 469Fakhir U. Baig17.1 Introduction 46917.2 Applications of AZEO SEP and VOC SEP 47117.3 Computer Simulation of Module Performance 47517.4 Permeation and Separation Model in Hollow-Fiber Membrane Module 48117.5 Conclusion 48718. Biomedical Applications of Membranes 489G. Catapano and J. Vienken18.1 Introduction 48918.2 Membrane Therapeutic Treatments 49018.3 Medical Membrane Properties 49618.4 Medical Membrane Materials 50118.5 Biocompatibility of Membrane-Based Therapeutic Treatments 50818.6 Conclusions 51119. Hemodialysis Membranes 519Norma J. Ofsthun, Sujatha Karoor, and Mitsuru Suzuki19.1 Introduction 51919.2 Transport Requirements 52119.3 Other Requirements 52519.4 Membrane Materials, Spinning Technology, and Structure 52719.5 Dialyzer Design and Performance 53019.6 Current Market Trends 53319.7 Future Directions 53319.8 Conclusions 53620. Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Capture 541S. Ranil Wickramasinghe20.1 Introduction 54120.2 Tangential-Flow Filtration 54320.3 Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Capture 54520.4 Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Clearance 55020.5 Conclusions 552PART III GAS SEPARATIONS 55721. Vapor and Gas Separation by Membranes 559Richard W. Baker21.1 Introduction to Membranes and Modules 55921.2 Membrane Process Design 56321.3 Applications 56721.4 Conclusions 57721.5 Glossary 57722. Gas Separation by Polyimide Membranes 581Yoji Kase22.1 Introduction 58122.2 Permeability and Chemical Structure of Polyimides 58222.3 Manufacture of Asymmetric Membrane 58722.4 Membrane Module 58822.5 Applications of Polyimide Gas Separation Membranes 58923. Gas Separation by Carbon Membranes 599P. Jason Williams and William J. Koros23.1 Introduction 59923.2 Structure of Carbon Membranes 59923.3 Transport in Carbon Membranes 60123.4 Formation of Carbon Membranes 60423.5 Current Separation Performance 61623.6 Production of CMS Modules 62023.7 Challenges and Disadvantages of CMS Membranes 62223.8 Direction of Carbon Membrane Development 62624. Polymeric Membrane Materials and Potential Use in Gas Separation 633Ho Bum Park and Young Moo Lee24.1 Introduction 63324.2 Basic Principles of Gas Separation in Polymer Membranes 63524.3 Limitations of Gas Separations Using Polymer Membranes 64324.4 Polymer Membrane Materials 64624.5 Membrane Gas Separation Applications and Conclusions 65925. Hydrogen Separation Membranes 671Yi Hua Ma25.1 Introduction 67125.2 Porous Nonmetallic Membranes for Hydrogen Separations 67225.3 High-Temperature Hydrogen Separation Membranes 67425.4 Concluding Remarks 680PART IV MEMBRANE CONTACTORS AND REACTORS 68526. Membrane Contactors 687Kamalesh K. Sirkar26.1 Introduction 68726.2 Membrane-Based Contacting of Two Fluid Phases 69026.3 Membrane-Based Solid–Fluid Contacting 69626.4 Two Immobilized Phase Interfaces 69726.5 Dispersive Contacting in a Membrane Contactor 69926.6 Concluding Remarks 70027. Membrane Reactors 703Enrico Drioli and Enrica Fontananova27.1 State-of-the-Art On Catalytic Membrane Reactors 70327.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatments 70427.3 Selective Oxidations 71027.4 Biocatalytic Membrane Reactors 71227.5 Catalytic Crystals 71227.6 Inorganic Membrane Reactors 71327.7 Microreactors 71327.8 Conclusions 714PART V ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY APPLICATIONS 71928. Facilitated Transport Membranes for Environmental, Energy, and Biochemical Applications 721Jian Zou, Jin Huang, and W. S. Winston Ho28.1 Introduction 72128.2 Supported Liquid Membranes with Strip Dispersion 72928.3 Carbon-Dioxide-Selective Membranes 73728.4 Conclusions 74729. Fuel Cell Membranes 755Peter N. Pintauro and Ryszard Wycisk29.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 75529.2 Background on Fuel Cell Membranes 75929.3 Recent Work on New Fuel Cell Membranes 76429.4 Conclusions 779PART VI MEMBRANE MATERIALS AND CHARACTERIZATION 78730. Recent Progress in Mixed-Matrix Membranes 789Chunqing Liu, Santi Kulprathipanja, Alexis M. W. Hillock, Shabbir Husain, and William J. Koros30.1 Introduction 78930.2 Recent Progress in Mixed-Matrix Membranes 79430.3 Summary and Future Opportunities 80931. Fabrication of Hollow-Fiber Membranes by Phase Inversion 821Tai-Shung Neal Chung31.1 Introduction 82131.2 Basic Understanding 82231.3 Recent Progresses on Single-Layer Asymmetric Hollow-Fiber Membranes 82531.4 Dual-Layer Hollow Fibers 83131.5 Concluding Remarks 83532. Membrane Surface Characterization 841M. Kallioinen and M. Nystrom32.1 Introduction 84132.2 Characterization of the Chemical Structure of a Membrane 84232.3 Characterization of Membrane Hydrophilicity 85232.4 Characterization of Membrane Charge 85532.5 Characterization of Membrane Morphology 85932.6 Conclusions 86733. Membrane Characterization by Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry 879William B. Krantz and Alan R. Greenberg33.1 Introduction 87933.2 Principle of UTDR Measurement 88033.3 Characterization of Inorganic Membrane Fouling 88233.4 Characterization of Membrane Biofouling 88533.5 Characterization of Membrane Compaction 88633.6 Characterization of Membrane Formation 88933.7 Characterization of Membrane Morphology 89133.8 Summary and Recommendations 89434. Microstructural Optimization of Thin Supported Inorganic Membranes for Gas and Water Purification 899M. L. Mottern, J. Y. Shi, K. Shqau, D. Yu, and Henk Verweij34.1 Introduction 89934.2 Morphology, Porosity, and Defects 90234.3 Optimization of Supported Membrane Structures 90834.4 Synthesis and Manufacturing 91734.5 Characterization 91834.6 Conclusions 92335. Structure/Property Characteristics of Polar Rubbery Membranes for Carbon Dioxide Removal 929Victor A. Kusuma, Benny D. Freeman, Miguel Jose-Yacaman, Haiqing Lin, Sumod Kalakkunnath, and Douglass S. Kalika 35.1 Introduction and Background 92935.2 Theory and Experiment 93135.3 Results and Discussion 93735.4 Conclusions 950Index 955