Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Communications

George V. Tsoulos has been active in many pioneering research projects on adaptive antennas in the past decade, among which are three European collaborative projects in this area (Tsunami I and II and Sunbeam). Dr. Tsoulos is a member of the organizing committee of the European action Cost 260 (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical research) on smart antennas and has written and consulted extensively on the topic. His interests include radio propagation and network planning for advanced wideband/broadband wireless communications and design, implementation, and performance issues for modern adaptive antenna systems. Currently, Dr. Tsoulos is with the PA Consulting Group, Cambridge Technology Centre, in Cambridge, U.K.

• Preface xiChapter 1 Introduction and Channel Models 1Adaptive Antenna Systems 3B. Widrow, P. E. Mantey, L. J. Griffiths, and B. B. Goode {IEEE Proceedings, December 1967)Overview of Spatial Channel Models for Antenna Array Communication Systems 20R. B. Ertel, P. Cardieri, K. W. Sowerby, T. S. Rappaport, and J. H. Reed (IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, February 1998).Antenna Systems for Base Station Diversity in Urban Small and Micro Cells 33P. C. F. Eggers, J. Tcttgard, and A. M. Oprea {Journal on Selected Areas of Communication, September1993).A Statistical Model for Angle of Arrival in Indoor Multipath Propagation 44Q. Spencer, M. Rice, B. Jeffs, and M. Jensen {IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1997).Chapter 2 Adaptive Algorithms 49Highlights of Statistical Signal and Array Processing 51A. Hero {IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, September 1998).Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications, Part II: Beamforming and Direction-of-Arrival Considerations 95L. C. Godara {Proceedings of the IEEE, August 1997).High-Resolution Frequency-Wavenumber Spectrum Analysis 146J. Capon {Proceedings of the IEEE, August 1969).An Algorithm for Linearly Constrained Adaptive Array Processing 157O. L. Frost lll{Proceedings of the IEEE, August 1972).The Application of Spectral Estimation Methods to Bearing Estimation Problems 167D. H. Johnson {Proceedings of the IEEE, September 1982).On Spatial Smoothing for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of Coherent Signals 178T-J. Shan, M. Wax, and T. Kailath {IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, August 1985).Detection of Signals by Information Theoretic Criteria 184M. Wax and T. Kailath {IEEE Transaction on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, April 1985).Multiple Emitter Location and Signal Parameter Estimation 190R. O. Schmidt {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1986).Using Spectral Estimation Techniques in Adaptive Processing Antenna Systems 195W. F. Gabriel {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1986).Implementation of Adaptive Array Algorithms 205R. Schreiber {IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, October 1986).Steady State Analysis of the Generalized Sidelobe Canceller by Adaptive Noise Cancelling Techniques 213N. K. Jablon {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1986).Adaptive-Adaptive Array Processing 221E. Brookner and J. M. Howell {Proceedings of the IEEE, April 1986).ESPRIT—Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques 224R. Roy and T. Kailath {IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, July 1989).Spectral Self-Coherence Restoral: A New Approach to Blind Adaptive Signal Extraction Using AntennaArrays 236B. G. Agee, S. V. Schell, and W. A. Gardner {Proceedings of the IEEE, April 1990).Sensor Array Processing Based on Subspace Fitting 250M. Viberg and B. Ottersten {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, May 1991).Direction-of-Arrival Estimation via Exploitation of Cyclostationarity—A Combination of Temporal andSpatial Processing 261G. Xu and T. Kailath {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, July 1992).Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation Maximization Algorithm 272J. A. Fessler and A. O. Hero {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, October 1994).Unitary ESPRIT: How to Obtain Increased Estimation Accuracy with a Reduced Computational Burden 286M. Haardt and J. A. Nossek {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, May 1995).Joint Angle and Delay Estimation (JADE) for Multipath Signals Arriving at an Antenna Array 297M. C. Vanderveen, C. B. Papadias, and A. Paulraj {IEEE Communications Letters, January 1997).Chapter 3 Performance Issues 301Smart Antennas for Mobile Communication Systems: Benefits and Challenges 303G. V. Tsoulos {Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, April 1999).An Adaptive Array in a Spread-Spectrum Communication System 314R. T. Compton, Jr. {Proceedings of the IEEE, March 1978).On the Performance of a Polarization Sensitive Adaptive Array 324R. T. Compton, Jr. {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1981).Effect of Mutual Coupling on the Performance of Adaptive Arrays 332I. J. Gupta and A. A. Ksienski {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1983).Optimum Combining in Digital Mobile Radio with Co-channel Interference 339J. H. Winters {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, August 1984).On Optimum Combining at the Mobile 351R. G. Vaughan {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1988).The Performance of an LMS Adaptive Array with Frequency Hopped Signals 359L. Acar and R. T. Compton, Jr. {IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, May 1985).An LMS Adaptive Array for Multipath Fading Reduction 371Y. Ogawa, M. Ohmiya, and K. Itoh {IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, January 1987).Optimum Combining for Indoor Radio Systems with Multiple Users 378J. H. Winters {IEEE Transactions on Communications, November 1987).The Performance Enhancement of Multibeam Adaptive Base-Station Antennas for Cellular Land MobileRadio Systems 387S. C. Swales, M. A. Beach, D. J. Edwards, and J. P. McGeehan {IEEE Transactions on VehicularTechnology, February 1990).Combination of an Adaptive Array Antenna and a Canceller of Interference for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access System 399R. Kohno, H. Imai, M. Hatori, and S. Pasupathy {IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, May 1990).Direction Finding in the Presence of Mutual Coupling 406B. Friendlander and A. J. Weiss {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1991).Improving the Performance of a Slotted ALOHA Packet Radio Network with an Adaptive Array 418J. Ward and R. T. Compton, Jr. {IEEE Transactions on Communications, February 1992).Signal Acquisition and Tracking with Adaptive Arrays in the Digital Mobile Radio System IS-54 with Flat Fading 427J. H. Winters {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1993).Effect of Fading Correlation on Adaptive Arrays in Digital Mobile Radio 435J. Salz and J. H. Winters {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1994).Capacity Improvement with Base-Station Antenna Arrays in Cellular CDMA 444A. F. Naguib, A. Paulraj, and T. Kailath {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, August 1994).Analytical Results for Capacity Improvements in CDMA 452J. C. Liberti and T. S. Rappaport {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, August 1994).Adaptive Transmitting Antenna Arrays with Feedback 463D. Gerlach and A. Paulraj {IEEE Signal Processing Letters, October 1994).Adaptive Antennas for Third Generation DS-CDMA Cellular Systems 466G. V. Tsoulos, M. A. Beach, and S. C. Swales {Proceedings of 45th Vehicular Technology Conference, July 1995).The Spectrum Efficiency of Base Station Antenna Array System for Spatially Selective Transmission 471P. Zetterberg and B. Ottersten {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, August 1995).Capacity Enhancement and BER in a Combined SDMA/TDMA System 481J. Fuhl and A. F. Molisch {Proceedings of the 46th Vehicular Technology Conference, April 1996).Performance of Wireless CDMA with M-ary Orthogonal Modulation and Cell Site Antenna Arrays 486A. F. Naguib and A. Paulraj {IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, December 1996).Smart Antenna Arrays for CDMA Systems 500J. S. Thompson, P. N. Grant, and B. Mulgrew {IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, October 1996).Efficient Direction and Polarization Estimation with a COLD Array 510J. Li, P. Stoica and D. Zheng {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, April 1996).Upper Bounds on the Bit-Error Rate of Optimum Combining in Wireless Systems 519J. H. Winters and J. Salz {IEEE Transactions on Communications, December 1998).The Range Increase of Adaptive Versus Phased Arrays in Mobile Radio Systems 525J. H. Winters and M. J. Gans {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, March 1999).A Comparison of Two Systems for Downlink Communication with Base Station Antenna Arrays 535P. Zetterberg {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, September 1999).Chapter 4 Implementation Issues 551Fundamentals of Digital Array Processing 553D. E. Dudgeon {Proceedings of the IEEE, June 1977).A Novel Algorithm and Architecture for Adaptive Digital Beamforming 560C. P. Ward, P. J. Hargrave, and J. G. McWhirter {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1986).Nonlinearities in Digital Manifold Phased Arrays 569B. D. Mathews {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, November 1986).Adaptive Beamforming with the Generalized Sidelobe Canceller in the Presence of Array Imperfections 579N. K. Jablon {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, August 1986).An Efficient Algorithm and Systolic Architecture for Multiple Channel Adaptive Filtering 596S. M. Yuen, K. Abend, and R. S. Berkowitz {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, May 1988).Mutual Coupling Compensation in Small Array Antennas 603H. Steyskal and J. S. Herd {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, December 1995).A Unified Approach to the Design of Robust Narrow-Band Antenna Array Processors 607M-H. Er and A. Cantoni {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, January 1990).Design Trades for Rotman Lenses 614R. C. Hansen {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, April 1991).Optimum Networks for Simultaneous Multiple Beam Antennas 623E. C. DuFort (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, January 1992).Direction Finding in Phased Arrays with a Neural Network Beamformer 630H. L. Southall, J. A. Simmers, and T. H. O'Donnell (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,December 1995).Application of Orthogonal Codes to the Calibration of Active Phased Array Antennas for CommunicationSatellites 636S. D. Silverstein (IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, January 1997).The Analogy Between the Butler Matrix and the Neural-Network Direction-Finding Array 649R. J. Mailloux and H. L. Southall (IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, December 1997).Forward-Backward Averaging in the Presence of Array Manifold Errors 655M. Zatman and D. Marshall (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, November 1998).Chapter 5 Experiments 661Multiple Source DF Signal Processing: An Experimental System 663R. O. Schmidt and R. E. Franks (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1986).An Implementation of a CMA Adaptive Array for High Speed GMSK Transmission in MobileCommunications 673T. Ohgane, T. Shimura, N. Matsuzawa, and H. Sasaoka (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,August 1993).A Four-Element Adaptive Antenna Array for IS-136 PCS Base Stations 680R. L. Cupo, G. D. Golden, C. C. Martin, K. L. Sherman, N. R. Sollenberger, J. H. Winters, and P. W.Wolniasky (IEEE 46th Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1996).Ericsson/Mannesmann GSM Field-Trials with Adaptive Antennas 685S. Anderson, U. Forssen, J. Karlsson, T. Witzschel, P. Fischer, and A. Krug (IEEE 46th VehicularTechnology Conference, May 1996).Preliminary Measurement Results from an Adaptive Antenna Array Testbed for GSM/UMTS 690P. E. Mogensen, K. I. Pedersen, P. Leth-Espensen, B. Fleury, F. Frederiksen, K. Olesen, and S. L. Larsen(IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1997).Performance Evaluation of a Cellular Base Station Multibeam Antenna 695Y. Li, M. Feuerstein, and D. O. Reudink (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, February 1997).Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Field Trials. Part 1: Tracking and BER Performance 704G. V. Tsoulos, J. McGeehan, and M. Beach (IEE Proceedings of Radar, Sonar, and Navigation, February1998).Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Field Trials. Part 2: Calibration and Linearity Issues 710G. V. Tsoulos, J. McGeehan, and M. Beach (IEE Proceedings of Radar, Sonar, and Navigation, February1998).Chapter 6 Applications and Planning Issues 717High Data Rate Indoor Wireless Communications Using Antenna Arrays 719M. J. Gans, R. A. Valenzuela, J. H. Winters, and M. J. Carloni (6th International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, September 1995).On Optimizing Base Station Antenna Array Topology for Coverage Extension in Cellular Radio Networks 726J-W. Liang and A. J. Paulraj (IEEE 45th Vehicular Technology Conference, July 1995).Usage of Adaptive Arrays to Solve Resource Planning Problems 731M. Frullone, P. Grazioso, C. Passerini, and G. Riva (Proceedings of the 46th Vehicular TechnologyConference, April 1996).Subscriber Location in CDMA Cellular Networks 735J. Caffery, Jr. and G. L. Stiiber {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, May 1998).On the Capacity Formula for Multiple Input-Multiple Output Wireless Channels: A Geometric Interpretation 745P. F. Driessen and G. J. Foschini (IEEE Transactions on Communications, February 1999).Optimum Space-Time Processors with Dispersive Interference: Unified Analysis and Required Filter Span 749S. L. Ariyavisitakul, J. H. Winters, and I. Lee (IEEE Transactions on Communications, July 1999).Author Index 761Subject Index 763