'At a time when support for the ICC has waned in regions where it was once strong, Emma Palmer explores the impact of international criminal justice in a region which has the world’s lowest rate of Rome Statute ratifications. Just as the conviction of Habre in Dakar, and the removal and prosecution of Bashir in Khartoum, gives us hope for justice outside The Hague, Palmer’s excellent in-depth research of four countries resistant to the formal global system shows that international norms are being adapted and having a protective impact at the local level.' Stephen Rapp, former US Ambassador for global criminal justice, and international prosecutor for Rwanda and Sierra Leone