Acoustic and Vibrational Enhanced Oil Recovery

George V. Chilingar, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of petroleum, civil and environmental engineering at the University of Southern California (USC). He received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in petroleum engineering, and PhD in Geology at the University of Southern California. Professor Chilingar is Academician, USC International Ambassador, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, founder and past President of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences USA Branch, Honorary Professor of Gubkin University, Russia, and Honorary Consul of Honduras in Los Angeles, CA. In 2021, Professor Chilingar was given the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Honorary Membership award in Dubai for outstanding service to SPE and distinguished scientific and engineering achievements. The results of his investigation are presented in over 500 research articles and 73 books in the fields of petroleum and environmental engineering and petroleum geology.Kazem Majid Sadeghi, PhD, has a Bachelor of Science in chemistry from the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), a Master of Science in environmental engineering from the University of Southern California (USC), an Engineer Degree in Civil Engineering USC, and PhD in geography from UCSB. Professor Sadeghi has been researching and teaching for many years at UCSB and California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. He has over 30 years of civil and environmental engineering and consulting experience, including hazardous waste management, pollution prevention assessments, design of industrial wastewater pretreatment facilities and gas collection/treatment systems, treatment of carbonaceous materials, soil remediation, and enhanced oil recovery. Oleg Leonidovich Kuznetsov, Grand PhD in Engineering, is a graduate from Moscow Geological-Prospecting Institute. Upon graduation he worked at the Institute of Geology and Mining of Fossil Fuels of the Academy of Sciences and All-Union Institute of Nuclear Geophysics and Geochemistry. He worked in the All-Russia Institute of Geosystem and is a professor at M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. In addition, he is a professor at Dubna State University working on research development and teaching. Professor Kuznetsov is President of Russia’s Academy of Natural Sciences. He is the author of a number of papers and books on applied geophysical technology and several monographs.

• List of Contributors xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Origin and Migration of Oil 51.1.1 Seismicity 61.1.2 Electrokinetics 71.1.3 Earth Tides 91.1.4 Compaction 91.1.5 Migration in a Gaseous Form 101.2 Seismic Vibration Techniques 111.2.1 Producing Well Experiments 111.2.2 Mechanisms of Interaction of Fluid Flow With the Vibro-Energy in Porous Media 12References and Bibliography 132 Wave Spreading Patterns in the Porous Media 192.1 Spread of Vibration in Reservoir 192.2 Effect on the Wave Spread in the Oil Accumulations by the Geologic-Geophysical Conditions 262.3 Wave Spreading From the Vibrating Surface of the Reservoir Matrix Into the Saturated Medium 302.4 Excitation of Vibration in Oil Reservoirs 42References and Bibliography 513 Directional Displacement of a Dispersed Phase 553.1 Simplest Models of the Vibrational Directional Displacement 553.2 Physical Mechanisms and Major Types of Asymmetry Causing Vibratory Displacement 613.3 Directed Motion of the Dispersed Phase in Vibrating Pore Channels 693.4 Directional Motion of the Vibrating Dispersed Phase in Pore Channels 82References 874 Formation Damage Control and Cement Sheath Stability 894.1 Status of the Reservoir 894.2 Vibration Effect on the Reservoir’s Heat Properties 954.3 Decolmatation of the Near-Bottomhole Zone in the Vibration Field 1044.4 Cement Sheath Stability Around a Well in the Vibration Field 113References and Bibliography 1185 Effect of Vibration on Improving Oil Yield and Various Tertiary Recovery Technologies 1235.1 Major Causes of Incomplete Oil Recovery From the Subsurface 1235.1.1 Oil Displacement by Miscible Hydrocarbons 1285.1.2 Oil Displacement by a High-Pressure Dry Gas 1295.1.3 Oil Displacement by an Enriched Gas 1305.1.4 Oils Displacement by Liquefied Petroleum Gas 1315.1.5 Oil Displacement With Carbon Dioxide 1325.1.6 Oil Displacement by Polymer Solutions 1335.1.7 Oil Displacement by Micellar Solutions 1355.1.8 Thermal Methods 1385.1.9 The Vibroseismic Method 1485.2 A Study of the Residual Formation Pressure in the Vibration Field 1505.3 A Study of the Oil Capillary Displacement in the Vibration Field 1635.4 Studies of the Oil and Water Gravity Flow in the Vibration Field 1685.4.1 Absolute Permeability Effect 1705.4.2 An Effect of Oil Viscosity 1725.4.3 The Capillary Pressure Effect 1735.4.4 The Oil and Water Phase Permeability Effect 173References 1796 Vibration Effect on Properties of Saturating Phases in a Reservoir 1816.1 Changes in Interfacial Tensions and Rheological Parameters 1816.1.1 A Newtonian Liquid 1826.1.2 A Viscoplastic Liquid 1826.2 Permeability Changes 1866.2.1 A Single-Phase Flow 1866.2.2 Two-Phase Flow 1896.2.3 Three-Phase Flow 2006.3 Capillary Pressure Changes 2016.4 Interformational Oil Degassing and a Decline in the Formation Water Saturation 203References 2127 Energy Criteria 2157.1 Parameters of Oscillatory Treatment and Conditions for Manifestation of Useful Effects in Saturated Geological Media 2177.2 Wavelike Nature of the Oil-Saturated Geological Media Stress-Energy Exchange. Elastic Oscillations as an Energy Exchange Indicator and Regulator 2207.2.1 Manifestation of Seismoacoustic Radiation in Oil-Saturated Media Exposed to Internal Stress Disturbance and Elastic Oscillation Treatment 2217.2.2 Mechanism of Receptive Accumulation of Mechanical Stress Energy in Failing Oil-Saturated Media 2337.3 Justification of Rational Wave Treatment for the Near-Wellbore Zone and Entire Reservoir 2377.3.1 Reservoir Treatment With Elastic Oscillations 245References and Bibliography 2578 Types of Existing Treatments 2618.1 Integrated Technologies of the Near-Wellbore Zone Vibrowave Treatment 2648.1.1 Downhole Equipment 2658.1.2 Integrated Vibrowave, Overbalance/ Pressure-Drawdown, and Chemical Treatment (VDHV) 2718.1.3 Vibrowave and Foam Treatment (VPV) 2758.1.4 Deep Chemical-Wave Reservoir Treatment (GRVP) 2768.1.5 Remediation of Troubles When Shutting Off Water and Gas Entries 2808.1.6 Coiled Tubing Wave Technologies (KVT) 2828.1.7 Tubing and Bottomhole Cleanout Technology 2848.1.8 HydroVibroSwabbing Technology 2848.1.9 Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Combined with Vibrowave Treatment (HydroVibroFrac) 2858.1.10 Hydraulic Fracturing Operations 2878.1.11 Integrated Treatment of Water Production Wells 2918.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies Based on Vibroseismic Treatment (VST) 293References and Bibliography 3089 Laboratory Experiments 3119.1 Laboratory Experiments 3119.1.1 Oil and Water Saturations of the Porous Medium Exposed to Elastic Waves 3119.1.2 Rate of Displacement of Oil by Water and Effect of Elastic Waves on Relative Permeability to Oil 3139.1.3 Degassing of Fluids by the Applied Vibro-Energy 3139.2 Displacement of Oil by Gas-Free Water in the Presence of Elastic Waves 3159.3 Displacement of Oil by CO2-Saturated Water in the Presence of Elastic Waves 3169.4 Modeling of Oil Displacement by Water in Clayey Sandstones 317References and Bibliography 31810 Oil Field Tests 32110.1 Abuzy Oil Field 32110.2 Changirtash Oil Field 32110.3 Jirnovskiy Oil Field, First Stage 32310.4 Jirnovskiy Oil Field, Second Stage 324References and Bibliography 32611 Electrokinetic Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR) 32711.1 Introduction 32711.2 Petroleum Reservoirs, Properties, Reserves, and Recoveries 32911.2.1 Petroleum Reservoirs 32911.2.2 Porosity 32911.2.3 Reservoir Saturations 32911.2.4 Initial Reserves 33011.2.5 Primary Oil Production and Water Cut 33011.3 Relative Permeability and Residual Saturation 33111.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery 33211.5 Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery 33211.5.1 Historical Background 33311.5.2 Geotechnical and Environmental Electrokinetic Applications 33411.5.3 Direct Current Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery 33511.6 DCEOR (EEOR) and Energy Storage 33611.6.1 Mesoscopic Polarization Model 33711.7 Electrochemical Basis for DCEOR 33911.7.1 Coupled Flows and Onsager’s Principle 33911.7.2 Joule Heating 34111.7.3 Electromigration 34111.7.4 Electrophoresis 34211.7.5 Electroosmosis 34211.7.6 Electrochemically Enhanced Reactions 34211.7.7 Role of the Helmholtz Double Layer 34311.7.7.1 Dissociation of Ionic Salts 34311.7.7.2 Silicates 34411.7.7.3 Phillosilicates and Clay Minerals 34511.7.7.4 Cation Exchange Capacity 34611.7.7.5 Electrochemistry of the Double Layer 34711.8 DCEOR Field Operations 35111.8.1 Three-Dimensional Current Flow Ramifications 35211.8.2 Electric Field Mapping 35311.8.3 Joule Heating and Energy Loss 35311.8.4 Comparison of DC vs. AC Electrical Transmission Power Loss 35411.9 DCEOR Field Demonstrations 35611.9.1 Santa Maria Basin (California, USA) DCEOR Field Demonstration 35611.9.2 Lloydminster Heavy Oil Belt (Alberta, Canada) DCEOR Field Demonstration 35911.10 Produced Fluid Changes 36211.11 Laboratory Measurements 36311.11.1 Electrokinetics and Effective Permeability 36611.11.2 Sulfur Sequestration 36711.11.3 Carbonate Reservoir Laboratory Tests 36711.12 Technology Comparisons 36811.12.1 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Efficiency 36811.12.2 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Costs 36811.12.3 Comparison of DCEOR to Other EOR Technologies 36911.13 Summary 37111.14 Nomenclature 371References 373Addendum 381Nomenclature 383Symbols 385About the Authors 391Index 395