The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Nervous System, Volume 7, Part II - Spinal Cord and Peripheral Motor and Sensory Systems

Dr. Michael J. Aminoff, Distinguished Professor Emeritus in neurology at the University of California San Francisco, is an internationally recognized neurologist, clinical investigator, and author. His published contributions led to the award of a Doctor of Science degree by the University of London in 2000. He is one of the two editors-in-chief of the four-volume Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (2003; 2014) as well as one of the series editors of the multivolume Handbook of Clinical Neurology. He was editor-in-chief of the journal Muscle & Nerve from 1998 to 2007 and has served on numerous other editorial boards. He was a director of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology for eight years and served as board chair in 2011. In 2006, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine and, in 2007, the A.B. Baker Award for Lifetime Achievement in Neurological Education from the American Academy of Neurology. In 2019 he received the Robert S. Schwab Award for outstanding contributions to research in peripheral clinical neurophysiology from the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. Scott L. Pomeroy is an internationally known expert on the biological origins, treatment and long-term outcomes of childhood brain tumors. He has served as the Chair of the Department of Neurology and Neurologist-in-Chief of Boston Children's Hospital since 2005. Dr. Pomeroy graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Miami University in 1975 and in 1982 was the first graduate of the M.D., Ph.D. program of the University of Cincinnati. He trained in pediatrics at Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School and in child neurology at St. Louis Children's Hospital/Washington University of St. Louis. In 1989, he won the Child Neurology Society Young Investigator Award for work done as a postdoctoral fellow of Dale Purves. The Pomeroy lab focuses on understanding the molecular and cellular basis of medulloblastomas and other embryonal brain tumors. Dr. Pomeroy has served as an ad hoc and chartered member of many NIH study sections, as co-Editor of Neurology in Clinical Practice and Associate Editor of Annals of Neurology, as President of the Child Neurology Foundation and as a member of the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives. He has received numerous awards including the Sidney Carter Award of the American Academy of Neurology, the Daniel Drake Medal of the University of Cincinnati, the inaugural Compassionate Caregiver Award of the Kenneth Schwartz Center, and the Bernard Sachs Award of the Child Neurology Society. In 2017, he was elected a member of the U.S. National Academy of Medicine. Dr. Levin began his position at Cleveland Clinic in 1984 as a neurologist and currently serves in multiple capacities, including Chair of the Department of Neurology, Director of the Neuromuscular Center at the Neurological Institute, Program Director for neurophysiology and neuromuscular fellowships and Professor at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University. Twice awarded Teacher of the Year by the Neurology Department, Dr. Levin's specialties are electromyography and clinical neuromuscular diseases. Dr. Levin is a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology and of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and his been elected to membership in the American Neurological Association. He has held leadership positions in these and other professional associations and sits on the editorial board of Muscle and Nerve. The author of several books and many articles, Dr. Levin is also engaged in clinical research with interests ranging from the electrodiagnosis of radiculopathy and defects of neuromuscular junction transmission, to the treatment of polyneuropathy.

• SECTION 1 CRANIAL NERVE AND NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGIC DISORDERSOverview of Cranial Nerves1.1 Distribution of Motor and Sensory Fibers1.2 Overview of Cranial Nerves1.3 Nerves and Nuclei Viewed in Phantom From Behind1.4 Nerves and Nuclei in Lateral DissectionCranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve1.5 Olfactory Pathways1.6 Olfactory Receptors1.7 Olfactory Bulb and NerveCranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve1.8 Eye1.9 Cranial Nerve II and Visual Pathways1.10 Optic Nerve Appearance1.11 Retinal Projections to Thalamus, Midbrain, and Brainstem1.12 Pupillary Light Reflex and the Accommodation ReflexCranial Nerves III, IV, and VI (Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens)1.13 Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens Nerves (VI)1.14 Nerves of Orbit and Cavernous Sinus1.15 Damage to Cranial Nerve III1.16 Control of Eye Movements1.17 Control of Eye Movements: Pathology1.18 Control of Eye Movements: Pathology (Continued)1.19 Autonomic Innervation of the EyeCranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve1.20 Trigeminal Nerve (V)1.21 Trigeminal Nuclei: Afferent and Central Connections1.22 Trigeminal Nuclei: Central and Peripheral Connections1.23 Ophthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2) Nerves1.24 Mandibular Nerve (V3)1.25 Trigeminal Nerve DisordersCranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve1.26 Pons: Level of the Genu of the Facial Nerve1.27 Facial Nerve (VII)1.28 Muscles of Facial Expression: Lateral View1.29 Central Versus Peripheral Facial Paralysis1.30 Facial PalsyTaste Receptors and Pathways1.31 Anatomy of Taste Buds and Their Receptors1.32 TongueCranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve1.33 Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)1.34 Pathway of Sound Reception1.35 Pathologic Causes of Vertigo1.36 Canalith Repositioning (Epley Maneuver)1.37 Afferent Auditory Pathways1.38 Centrifugal Auditory Pathways1.39 Vestibular Receptors1.40 Cochlear ReceptorsCranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Otic Ganglion1.41 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)1.42 Otic GanglionCranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve1.43 Vagus Nerve (X)1.44 Motor and Sensory Branches From the Vagus Nerve1.45 Neurogenic Disorders of Mouth and Pharynx (X and XII)Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve1.46 Accessory Nerve (XI)1.47 Clinical Findings in Cranial Nerve XI DamageCranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve1.48 Hypoglossal Nerve Intermedullary Course1.49 Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)1.50 Disorders of Hypoglossal Nucleus and NerveSECTION 2 SPINAL CORD: ANATOMY AND MYELOPATHIES2.1 Spinal Cord2.2 Spinal Membranes and Nerve Roots2.3 Arteries of Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots2.4 Arteries of Spinal Cord: Intrinsic Distribution2.5 Veins of Spinal Cord, Nerve Roots, and Vertebrae2.6 Principal Fiber Tracts of Spinal Cord2.7 Somesthetic System of Body2.8 Corticospinal (Pyramidal) System: Motor Component2.9 Rubrospinal Tract2.10 Vestibulospinal Tracts2.11 Reticulospinal and Corticoreticular Pathways2.12 Spinal Origin or Termination of Major Descending Tracts and Ascending Pathways2.13 Cytoarchitecture of Spinal Cord Gray Matter2.14 Spinal Effector Mechanisms2.15 Spinal Reflex Pathways2.16 Spinal Cord Dysfunction2.17 Sensory Impairment Related to Level of Spinal Cord Injury2.18 Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes2.19 Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes2.20 Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes: Pathology, Etiology, and Diagnosis2.21 Spinal Tumors2.22 Extramedullary and Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors2.23 Neuroimaging (MRI) Characteristics of Spinal Tumors2.24 Syringomyelia2.25 Subacute Combined Degeneration2.26 Spinal Dural Fistulas and Arteriovenous Malformations2.27 Cervical Spondylosis2.28 Cervical Disk Herniation Causing Cord Compression2.29 Infectious and Hereditary MyelopathiesSECTION 3 SPINAL TRAUMA3.1 Spinal Column3.2 Atlas and Axis3.3 Cervical Vertebrae3.4 External Craniocervical Ligaments3.5 Internal Craniocervical Ligaments3.6 Thoracic Vertebrae3.7 Lumbar Vertebrae and Intervertebral Disk3.8 Sacrum and Coccyx3.9 Ligaments of Sacrum and Coccyx3.10 Biomechanics of Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries: Distractive Flexion3.11 Biomechanics of Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries: Compressive Flexion3.12 Biomechanics of Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries: Distractive Extension3.13 Cervical Spine Injury: Prehospital, Emergency Department, and Acute Management3.14 Traction and Bracing3.15 Anterior Cervical Spine Decompression and Stabilization3.16 Posterior Cervical Stabilization and Fusion3.17 Spinal Cord Injury Medical IssuesSECTION 4 NERVE ROOTS AND PLEXUS DISORDERS4.1 Cervical Disk Herniation4.2 Radiographic Diagnosis of Radiculopathy4.3 Back Pain and Lumbar Disk Disease4.4 Lumbar Disk Herniation: Clinical Manifestations4.5 L4-5 Disk Extrusion4.6 Lumbosacral Spinal Stenosis4.7 Spinal Nerves4.8 Dermal Segmentation4.9 Thoracic Nerves4.10 Thoracic Spinal Nerve Root Disorders4.11 Diabetic Lumbosacral Radiculoplexus Neuropathy4.12 Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Plexuses4.13 Brachial Plexus4.14 Brachial Plexus and Cervical Nerve Root Injuries at Birth4.15 Brachial Plexopathy4.16 Lumbosacral Plexopathy4.17 Cervical PlexusSECTION 5 MONONEUROPATHIES5.1 Compression Neuropathies5.2 Chronic Nerve Compression5.3 Evaluation of Mononeuropathies5.4 Radiologic Studies in Compression Neuropathy5.5 Proximal Nerves of the Upper Extremity5.6 Suprascapular and Musculocutaneous Nerves5.7 Median Nerve5.8 Proximal Median Neuropathies5.9 Distal Median Neuropathies: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome5.10 Distal Median Neuropathies: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Continued)5.11 Ulnar Nerve5.12 Ulnar Mononeuropathies: Potential Entrapment Sites5.13 Radial Nerve5.14 Radial Nerve Compression and Entrapment Neuropathies5.15 Femoral and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerves5.16 Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Genitofemoral, and Obturator Nerves5.17 Sciatic and Gluteal Nerves5.18 Sciatic and Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerves5.19 Fibular (Peroneal) and Tibial Nerves5.20 Peroneal Nerve Compression5.21 Tibial Nerve5.22 Dermatomal and Cutaneous Nerve Patterns5.23 DermatomesSECTION 6 PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES6.1 Peripheral Nerve6.2 Histology of Peripheral Nerve6.3 Cell Types of Nervous System6.4 Resting Membrane Potential6.5 Ion Channel Mechanics and Action Potential Generation6.6 Neurophysiology and Peripheral Nerve Demyelination6.7 Impulse Propagation6.8 Conduction Velocity6.9 Visceral Efferent Endings6.10 Cutaneous Receptors6.11 Pacinian Corpuscle6.12 Muscle and Joint Receptors6.13 Proprioceptive Reflex Control of Muscle Tension6.14 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Overview (Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy)6.15 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: Common Types6.16 Early Onset and Other Rare Forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease and Inherited Neuropathies6.17 Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy6.18 Guillain-Barré Syndrome6.19 Guillain-Barré Syndrome (Continued)6.20 Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy6.21 Diabetic Neuropathies6.22 Monoclonal Protein-Associated Neuropathies6.23 Distal Acquired Demyelinating Symmetric (DADS) Neuropathy6.24 Vasculitic Neuropathy and Other Connective Tissue Disorders Associated With Neuropathy6.25 Sjögren Syndrome6.26 Immunopathogenesis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome6.27 Peripheral Neuropathy Caused by Heavy Metal Poisoning6.28 Metabolic, Toxic, and Nutritional Peripheral Neuropathies6.29 Leprosy and Other Infections Sometimes Causing Peripheral NeuropathySECTION 7 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ITS DISORDERS7.1 General Topography of Autonomic Nervous System7.2 General Topography of Autonomic Nervous System (Continued)7.3 Autonomic Reflex Pathways7.4 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Nerves7.5 Autonomic Nerves in Head and Neck7.6 Autonomic Nerves in Neck7.7 Autonomic Innervation of Eye7.8 Autonomic Innervation of Eye (Continued)7.9 Autonomic Nerves in Thorax7.10 Innervation of Heart7.11 Innervation of Blood Vessels7.12 Carotid Body and Carotid Sinus7.13 Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia in Abdomen7.14 Innervation of Stomach and Proximal Duodenum7.15 Innervation of Intestines7.16 Autonomic Innervation of Small Intestine7.17 Enteric Plexuses7.18 Innervation of Liver and Biliary Tract7.19 Innervation of Adrenal Glands7.20 Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia in Pelvis7.21 Innervation of Kidneys, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder7.22 Innervation of Urinary Bladder and Lower Ureter7.23 Innervation of Reproductive Organs7.24 Female Reproductive Organs7.25 Autonomic Testing7.26 Cardiovagal Testing and Head-up Tilting7.27 Abnormal Pupillary Conditions7.28 Clinical Presentation of Autonomic Disorders7.29 Multiple System AtrophySECTION 8 PAIN8.1 Neuroanatomy of the Ascending Pain Pathways8.2 Neuroanatomy of the Ascending Pain Pathways (Continued)8.3 Descending Nociceptive Pathways and Neurochemical Foundations of Descending Pain Modulation8.4 Endorphin System8.5 Nociceptive Processing and Central Nervous System Correlates of Pain8.6 Central Nervous System Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Drug Targets8.7 Thalamic Pain Syndrome8.8 Clinical Manifestations Related to Thalamus Site in Intracerebral Hemorrhage8.9 Complex Regional Pain8.10 Herpes Zoster8.11 Occipital Neuralgia8.12 Myofascial Factors in Low Back Pain8.13 Posterior Abdominal Wall: Internal View8.14 Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joint Back Pain8.15 Low Back Pain and Effects of Lumbar Hyperlordosis and Flexion on Spinal Nerves8.16 Examination of the Patient With Low Back Pain8.17 Osteoporosis8.18 Diagnosis of Low Back, Buttock, and Hip Pain8.19 Hip Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis8.20 Painful Peripheral Neuropathy8.21 Peripheral Neuropathies: Clinical Manifestations8.22 Functional Neurologic Disorders8.23 Somatoform Conversion ReactionsSECTION 9 FLOPPY INFANT9.1 Neonatal Hypotonia9.2 Congenital Myopathies9.3 Spinal Muscular Atrophy9.4 Treatment for Spinal Muscular Atrophy9.5 Infantile Neuromuscular Junction Disorders9.6 Arthrogryposis Multiplex CongenitaSECTION 10 MOTOR NEURON AND ITS DISORDERS10.1 Peripheral Nervous System: Overview10.2 Spinal Cord and Neuronal Cell Body With Motor, Sensory, and Autonomic Components of the Peripheral Nerve10.3 Motor Unit10.4 Motor Unit Potentials10.5 Primary Motor Neuron Disease10.6 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis10.7 Clinical Manifestations of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Continued)10.8 Mimics of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis10.9 Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis10.10 Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis10.11 Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Spinal Bulbar Muscular AtrophySECTION 11 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION AND ITS DISORDERS11.1 Neuromuscular Junction11.2 Physiology of Neuromuscular Junction11.3 Synaptic Transmission11.4 Synaptic Transmission (Continued)11.5 Repetitive Motor Nerve Stimulation11.6 Patient With Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome11.7 Myasthenia Gravis11.8 Myasthenia Gravis (Continued)11.9 Immunopathology of Myasthenia Gravis11.10 Presynaptic Neuromuscular Junction Transmission Disorders: Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome and Infantile Botulism11.11 Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes11.12 Foodborne NeurotoxinsSECTION 12 MUSCLE AND ITS DISORDERS12.1 Muscle Fiber Anatomy: Basic Sarcomere Subdivisions12.2 Muscle Fiber Anatomy: Biochemical Mechanics of Contraction12.3 Muscle Membrane, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum12.4 Muscle Response to Nerve Stimulation12.5 Metabolism of Muscle Cell12.6 Muscle Fiber Types12.7 Overview of Myopathies: Clinical Approach12.8 Dystrophinopathies12.9 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy12.10 Dystrophinopathies (Continued)12.11 Myotonic Dystrophy and Other Myotonic Disorders12.12 Myotonic Dystrophy and Other Myotonic Disorders (Continued)12.13 Other Types of Muscular Dystrophy12.14 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis12.15 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis (Continued)12.16 Inclusion Body Myositis12.17 Immunopathogenesis of Inflammatory Myopathies12.18 Endocrine, Toxic, and Critical Illness Myopathies12.19 Myopathies: Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia and Periodic Paralyses Channelopathies12.20 Metabolic and Mitochondrial Myopathies12.21 Myoglobinuric Syndromes Including Malignant Hyperthermia